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從美軍視角看朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中志愿軍步兵戰(zhàn)術(shù),對“人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”的誤解【開口必稱人海戰(zhàn)·渾然不知點破面·可笑人云己亦云·井中蟻蟲妄觀天】

整理時間:2013-02-22 14:05 來源:m.z236.cn 作者:編輯 點擊:

【樓主】(15102007)2013-02-21 18:09

» 從美軍視角看朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中志愿軍步兵戰(zhàn)術(shù),對“人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”的誤解
    轉(zhuǎn)自A站·原帖傳送門·
    
    INFANTRY OPERATIONS AND WEAPONS USAGE IN KOREA
    
    Winter of 1950-1951
    
    
    OPERATIONS RESEARCH OFFICE
    The Johns Hopkins University
    Chevy Chase, Maryland
    
    科目:步兵
    Project DOUGHBOY
    1951年10月27日,約翰 霍普金斯大學(xué)作戰(zhàn)研究中心收錄
    Received 27 Oct 19 51,OPERATIONS RESEARCH OFFICE,The Johns Hopkins University
    1953年6月軍事行動研究中心第二次印刷
    Second Printing June 1953 By OPERATIONS RESEARCH OFFICE
    地址:馬里蘭州切維蔡斯市康涅狄格大道6410號
    6410 Connecticut Avenue Chevy Chars, Maryland
    原文目錄頁上的備注:
    This Document contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18, U.S.C., Sections 793 and 794. The transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
    1998年4月18日解密
    (↑↑↑猴子,上面就是來源,中文部分網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜集整理,原始出處不詳)
    
    
    進(jìn)攻中的中共軍隊
    當(dāng)描述敵人在這個國家開展的軍事行動時,人們?yōu)E用了“人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”一詞。新聞報道曾給人一種印象:中國人以極度密集的大量兵力發(fā)動進(jìn)攻。某些官方文件也曾過于隨意地用過這個詞,因此就加深了人們的這樣一種誤解,即在我軍各種武器火力籠罩下的敵軍目標(biāo),正如“人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”一詞所形容的那樣,是個密集而又寬大從而有利于我方火力大量殺傷敵軍的那樣一種目標(biāo)。曾有過這種性質(zhì)的目標(biāo)。例如,二月初中共軍隊進(jìn)攻第23步兵團在砥平里的陣地時,以密集隊形向前推進(jìn),在狹小區(qū)域內(nèi)被大批地掃倒。
    但這樣的高兵力密度是例外。二戰(zhàn)中紅軍在烏克蘭戰(zhàn)役對付德國人時,連續(xù)使用過以人海吸收并最終中和敵軍火力,中國人集中兵力時并不是這樣。更確切的說,中國人在接敵的最后階段從縱隊展開后,往往以多層細(xì)散兵線接近我們的工事,彼此間有相當(dāng)?shù)拈g隔。接敵縱隊可能為一列寬,甚至為以4列縱隊接敵的團級兵力,這取決于形勢和攻擊部隊的規(guī)模。
    地面狀況的復(fù)雜情況也增加了我軍火力集中捕捉敵軍目標(biāo)的困難,因為在各種復(fù)雜的地面狀況下,敵軍的進(jìn)攻隊形被自然的分散了,這就加大了我軍火力集中一處而大量殺傷敵軍的難度。山嶺從來不是平直的,經(jīng)常有突出部、裸巖、臺地、細(xì)溝。結(jié)果,即使攻擊隊列行進(jìn)速度一致,也沒有哪種防御武器有殺傷任何大量敵人的清晰的射程。當(dāng)敵人進(jìn)入各種武器的反擊火力射程之內(nèi),漸漸向陣地推近時,依然不會過分簇集。
    在防御時,中共軍隊有效利用了地被植物,避免使用長的壕溝和密集隊形,經(jīng)常通過自身部署使我們的各種火力極少有大規(guī)模殺死他們的機會。主要戰(zhàn)果是通過系統(tǒng)地使用合成火力取得的,沒有哪一種或哪一類武器(迫擊炮、大炮或輕武器)在實施決定性射擊的過程中起主導(dǎo)作用。
    
    
    
    CCF IN ATTACK
    The word “mass” has been used quite loosely in descriptions of enemy operations circulated in this country. Press accounts have given the impression that the Chinese attack in great numbers closely concentrated. Some official documents have also used the term rather indiscriminately, thus furthering the belief that broad targets are frequently presented to all weapons. There have been some targets of this character. For example, in the assault against 23rd Infantry Regiment positions in Chipyong-ni in early February, CCF pressed forward in fairly solid ranks, and were cut down in large numbers within small areas.
    But intense concentrations are the exception. The Chinese do not characteristically employ mass, for example, in the way that the Red Army used it against the Germans in operations in the Ukraine during World War II, coming on in such numbers that the human sea absorbed and ultimately smothered the fire volume. Rather, in the attack, CCF tend to move against our works in multiple, thin lines, well spaced each from the other, after having deployed out of column in the last phase of the approach.The approach column may be single file, or even a regiment moving four abreast, depending on the situation and the size of the attack force.
    The nature of the ground also compounds the fire problem, since it induces greater dispersion. The ridges are not evenly bottomed or sided. There are frequent bulges, outcroppings, draws, and small ravines. In consequence, even when the attacking line advances quite uniformly, no defending weapon is likely to have a clear field of fire against any significant number of the enemy. When brought in check by the counterfire of various weapons, the enemy gradually presses forward against the position, but still does not tend to bunch excessively.
    On defense, CCF make efficient employment of ground cover, eschew use of long intrenchments and tight formations, and in general so dispose themselves that our fires, in any type, rarely have a large killing opportunity. The chief effects are therefore achieved through the systematic employment of fires in combination, with no one weapon or group of weapons (such as mortars, artillery, or small arms) predominating in the delivery of decisive fire.
    
    
    機槍
    
    用法
    由于朝鮮特殊的地形,使得我們在那里操作機槍的方式與常規(guī)以及教科書的規(guī)定大相徑庭。
    在防御的時候,機槍通常并不從兩翼組成交叉火力,而是常常置于敵軍的直接正面,從而對敵軍最有可能的突破口進(jìn)行直接的火力封鎖和壓制。一般情況下,那些利用山脊的高低起伏而建起的山頭陣地,并不完全依賴機槍的保護(hù)。盡管有利的地形使我們的機槍在陣地上的作用變小了,但是當(dāng)需要阻斷一個在相當(dāng)狹窄的扇形區(qū)域的敵軍進(jìn)攻時,通常還是機槍的作用大。有時候,機槍設(shè)置在與防線成直角的山梁和褶皺處,以這種方式他們的火力可以投射到任何徑直闖進(jìn)陣地的人身上。他們更頻繁地布置在能以火力覆蓋有利于敵人攀登的褶皺和斜坡的地方。在朝鮮很少遇到良好的機槍射界。
    地形限制使這種武器失去了正常的戰(zhàn)術(shù)效能和壓制能力,而且消耗比迫擊炮、勃朗寧輕機槍和步槍更大的彈藥量。即使所有機槍操作狀態(tài)良好,但單憑機槍火力不足以粉碎敵人的進(jìn)攻,保障陣地安全。
    中共軍隊主要以機槍火力為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)揚戰(zhàn)斗力,他們采用以下兩種方式:(1)在防御時,將機槍配置在堅強的防御工事后方的掩體內(nèi);(2)在進(jìn)攻時將機槍前出到盡可能靠近前沿的地方,盡管不可避免地要付出暴露目標(biāo)的代價。
    我方很少以這種方式使用機槍。
    
    
    
    MACHINE GUNS
    THEIR USE
    The pattern of machine-gun operation in Korea is highly unconventional and contrary to the book, but the ground permits of nothing else.
    In defense, the gun is most frequently used to block the more likely avenues of approach; its fire is directed straight ahead instead of from flankward across the front.The average hilltop position, by reason of elevation and the unevenness of the ridge crust, does not lend itself to over-all protection by machine guns. They do their bit, but usually they are set to traverse over a relatively narrow sector of the perimeter.
    Occasionally, as the ground and situation permit, the guns are set up on a nose or fold in the ridge running at right angles to the defending line, in such a way that their fire will take in flank any body moving directly into the position. More frequently they are disposed in such a way as to cover the main draws or the slope which looks most favorable to ascent by the enemy. Good fields of fire for the machine gun are rarely met with in Korea.
    This limiting factor in the terrain deprives the weapon of its normal tactical power and persuasion, and throws an extra load of work on the mortars, the BARS, and the riflemen.Even though all guns remain in operation, machine-gun fire alone is never enough to break up enemy attack and give security to the position.
    The CCF develop their fighting power largely around a base of machine-gun fire by (1) bunkering the guns behind heavily resistant works when on defense, and (2) advancing the guns well to the fore in the attack, despite the entailed exposure.
    Our guns are seldom employed in this manner.
    
    
    進(jìn)攻中,我軍士兵攜帶的機槍通常并不向前推進(jìn)到前沿,而更經(jīng)常地被布置在具有合理掩蔽條件的地點以提供半壓制性的火力盡管如此,我軍仍在敵軍火力下?lián)p失了相當(dāng)比率的機槍。在防御時,機槍經(jīng)常在上方敞開的情況下作戰(zhàn),通常只有薄弱的防護(hù),比如土堆或不牢固的巖石壘成的胸墻。我軍要比中共軍隊進(jìn)行更多的機動,陣地位置變換極為頻繁。很少有時間為機槍提供保護(hù)措施。我軍的攻勢往往在黃昏時分趨弱,到天黑時機槍必須要準(zhǔn)備好從新陣地上進(jìn)行射擊。
    這些機槍操作方式上的一般差異,并不能確切反映出雙方使用效率的高低,或是反映了在機槍技術(shù)發(fā)展方面的出現(xiàn)了某種空白。更準(zhǔn)確的說,那些差異和技術(shù)空白直接源自交戰(zhàn)雙方所采用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)手段的不同,而關(guān)鍵在于機槍只是整個火力體系中的一部分。
    In the attack our man-handled machine guns are not ordinarily pressed far to the fore but are more likely to be used to provide a semi-covering fire from whatever ground will provide them reasonably good protection. Even so, we lose a high percentage of machine guns to enemy fire.
    On defense, the gun is usually fought in the open and is seldom given better than superficial protection - such as an earth bank or a rude parapet of loose rock.We maneuver more than CCF; changes in position are most frequent. There is rarely time to provide the gun with a protected siting. Our own attack is likely to wear along until late afternoon; the guns must be ready to fire by dark from the new defensive position.
    These general differences in operating method do not accurately reflect relative efficiency, or lack thereof, in the development of machine-gun technique. Rather, they arise from the fact that the two sides are employing two greatly differing tactical methods, in which emphasis on the machine gun is only part of the over-all fire equation.
    
    
    
    中共軍隊的行動是以單一的火力手段為特色的,這種單一的火力手段完全以機槍為中心,圍繞機槍的效用,將機槍的作用發(fā)揮到極至。而之所以可以這么做,其中一個重要因素是中共軍隊具有足可消耗的人力。中共軍隊中的重機槍組成員總是能夠忠于職守,最后一個撤退,因此就使他的機槍發(fā)揮了更大的作用(當(dāng)然,這種做法是要冒著被殲滅的風(fēng)險的)。
    而在我軍的行動則發(fā)展出多元性的火力使用特點——比其他軍隊中發(fā)展出更多的特點。因為有多種可以選擇的武器系統(tǒng),機槍的使用并不十分重要。我們現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣認(rèn)為機槍的使用就意味著廣泛和良好的火力帶。不過在朝鮮,這種情況比較少見。偶爾,時機合適,機槍也能夠發(fā)揮在較大距離中充分發(fā)揮作用。不過,當(dāng)戰(zhàn)斗到關(guān)鍵時刻,這個優(yōu)勢距離會被前沿的縮短迅速打破。此時,步槍和勃朗寧輕機槍在300碼以下的范圍內(nèi)就發(fā)揮了更大的殺傷效能。
    中共軍隊使用機槍的有效距離是30到500碼。進(jìn)攻中,如果需要前沿火力壓制,他們可以盡可能的使機槍伴隨步槍和半自動步槍。并且在白天的就地防御中,如果他們能夠得到較好掩護(hù)前沿,他們有時就會把機槍陣地設(shè)在步槍線前面。
    他們的遠(yuǎn)距離射擊缺乏準(zhǔn)頭,我們的重機槍則能很正常地射擊,相比之下,他們在極短距離內(nèi)對這種武器魯莽而有效的使用則威脅較大。只有在極少數(shù)的情況下中共軍隊才會在500碼的距離上使用機槍。當(dāng)他們試圖延長射程,也就是說加上200碼,我們的部隊就會毫不猶豫的開火,并且忽視他的存在。這通常是正確的,大群的步兵或者一個車隊通常是一個相當(dāng)合適的目標(biāo)。根據(jù)教科書,重機槍在中等距離是相當(dāng)精確的阻止武器?筛鶕(jù)我軍在冬季戰(zhàn)役中的經(jīng)驗,這并不是一個好方法。有大量戰(zhàn)例記錄顯示,在幾個小時的戰(zhàn)斗中,2到3挺敵人機槍在600到700碼距離上打擊一個有限目標(biāo),取得的效果非常差。所有的參戰(zhàn)條件都表明在火力范圍超過500到650碼這個范圍,殺傷效率更多的依靠人眼所能看到的而不是機槍所能做到的。
    CCF operations are characterized by simplicity of fire means, centering around maximum use of the machine gun. The expendability of this force’s human material is one of the enabling factors toward this end. When Chinese MG crews can be committed repeatedly to situations permitting no escape, the weapon ipso facto is given a chance to score heavily prior to liquidation.
    Our operations develop around multiplicity of fire means - an evolution more marked in our Army than in any other. The effects of the gun are less decisive simply because of the existence of so many complementary weapons. We habitually think of machine-gun usage in connection with expansive and favorable fields of fire. In Korea these are generally lacking. There are some occasions when the gun is useful at the longer ranges for relatively brief periods. But in the crises of action, the preponderant portion of its fire almost invariably is directed against the immediate foreground. As with the rifle and the BAR, its killing effects for the most part are achieved at ranges under 300 yards.
    The CCF employ the machine gun effectively at ranges running between 30 and 500 yards. In the attack, when there is suitable cover in the foreground, they will get in as close with their machine guns as with rifles and sub-machine guns, and in local counter-attacks during daylight, if they are advantaged by a thicket or brush-covered salient, they will sometimes run the machine gun out as a point beyond the rifle line.
    Their reckless and effective use of the weapon at extreme short ranges, however, is less instructive than what their gunnery appears to lack over distances which we have always considered quite normal for the HMG. It is only in the exceptional tactical circumstance that CCF employ the machine gun successfully against our infantry at 500 yards range. When they attempt to engage with the gun at ranges longer than that, say adding another 200 yards to the distance, our troops are relatively unsusceptible to the fire and pay it little heed. That holds generally true even when the fire is delivered broadside against a body of infantry (or a column of vehicles) offering a fairly substantial target. According to the book, the HMG should be an accurate stopping weapon at these intermediate ranges. Insofar as the general experience of our own line during the winter campaign sheds light on this subject, it does not work out in practice. There are numerous examples in the record of engagements wherein two or three enemy guns, firing from 600-700 yards distance against one limited target area, failed to bear effectively during several hours of fighting. All of the attendant circumstances appeared to indicate that when fires are exchanged at ranges in excess of somewhere between 550 and 650 yards, the rate of effectiveness is less dependent on what the gun can do than on what the human eye can see.
    
    
    他們對機槍的使用最為持久穩(wěn)定。有保養(yǎng)機槍和在任何天氣情況下操作的訣竅。他們的火力在較短距離內(nèi)十分精確。最大限度的使用火力掩護(hù)部隊插入而不是浪費大量子彈去掃射地面。通過這些很基本的技術(shù),他們?nèi)〉昧司薮蟮膽?zhàn)果。機槍作為他們的進(jìn)攻的支點表現(xiàn)出色。
    一般情況下,如果和我們攜帶的其他步兵武器,即7.62毫米通用口徑武器族的使用效果相比,在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中,我們機槍火力所發(fā)揮的影響力似乎遜于以往的那支現(xiàn)代化美軍中所使用的機槍火力。距離有限,使機槍不能發(fā)揮防御點和在交火中阻止敵人進(jìn)攻的關(guān)鍵作用。怎么會這樣?很難解釋,因為步兵連隊里的搬運工們過去從來也沒有抱怨過輕機槍是個特別沉重累贅的東西。槍不是特別重,機槍手們不會掉隊。曾經(jīng)有過部隊扛著機槍徑直向敵人陣地沖鋒的事例。但是一般情況下機槍卻做不到根據(jù)戰(zhàn)術(shù)形勢變化而機動部署。這可能真的是出於我們多種武器系統(tǒng)里面天生的惰性吧:武器多了,其戰(zhàn)術(shù)效果就是加進(jìn)一種新的兵器,導(dǎo)致其他所有兵器的相對機動性就下降。
    在朝鮮的機槍使用,特別是在我們的進(jìn)攻中,上述這種情況似乎出現(xiàn)的相當(dāng)普遍,盡管普通勃朗寧輕機槍手的靈活性和顯著的積極性提供了反例。
    Their use of machine guns is most persistent. They have the knack of keeping their guns fed and operating under any weather conditions. Their fire is accurate at the short distances. They make maximum use of grazing fire, with the object of keeping troops inert, rather than wasting an excess of bullets by shooting into the dirt embankments. Out of these rather elementary techniques, they achieve large effects. The gun is pretty much the pivot of their attack.
    In general, the impact of our own machine-gun fire upon the local situation in the Korean fighting, when considered in relation to the effects of other weapons carried by the infantry (this refers to the .30 fire), would seem to be somewhat less than in past performances by modern American forces. The instances are few indeed in which the operation of the machine guns appears to be the decisive factor in retaining a position, or in depressing the counterfire which is deterring the attack. Why this is so becomes difficult to evaluate, since the LMG is almost never mentioned among the overburdening items in the company load by the load carriers. The weight of the gun is not prohibitive; the gunners do not straggle. There are instances in the record where it was carried by troops directly charging the enemy position. But the average employment of the gun is not mobile in respect to local changes in the tactical situation. This may well be the consequence of an inertia inherent in our multiple weapons system: is it not within reason that one of the tactical effects of weapons multiplication is that the addition of each new weapon tends to lower the relative local mobility of every other weapon?
    The employment of machine guns in Korea, particularly by our attack, would seem to call for exploration of the question, though the phenomenal enterprise and mobility of the average BAR carrier is evidence to the contrary.
    
    
    步槍
    
    老伙計
    在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中,步槍兵(包括裝備卡賓槍的士兵)參與積極射擊的比例明顯要高于二戰(zhàn)中的軍事行動。
    人們能察覺這一點但無法進(jìn)行精確地計算,因此很難以精確的百分率表示這個增長。然而,根據(jù)調(diào)查所涉及的晝間和夜間軍事行動的平均狀況,研究人員認(rèn)為無論敵人使用哪種武器,超過50%的部隊都能夠在交火時堅守陣地。
    在朝鮮的軍事行動中,手榴彈往往是初上戰(zhàn)場的新兵的首選。然而,根據(jù)觀察,一條幾乎不變的法則再次得到驗證:一旦我軍士兵開始使用某種武器打擊敵軍士兵,他就會一直用下去,后來他就會積極主動地使用這種他擅長的火器。在朝鮮的晝間進(jìn)攻中,部隊經(jīng)常以很窄的正面前進(jìn)。因為山嶺的棱線上缺少活動空間,所以連隊以縱深隊形行進(jìn)。由于隊列本身的限制,讓所有人都毫無阻礙的使用手中的武器是不可能的。在某連中只有兩三個班或許還有同等數(shù)量的重武器,能夠進(jìn)入阻止敵軍進(jìn)攻、控制戰(zhàn)場的關(guān)鍵陣地。地形本身就減少了積極使用武器的人數(shù),除非讓各班輪流進(jìn)入和撤出前沿陣地。
    此外,向可從正面進(jìn)攻的較低的小山嶺突擊時,步兵在登上山頂后通常立即靠攏,與他們隨身攜帶武器的微弱火力相比,攀登中的士兵更需要火炮、坦克、多用途戰(zhàn)車、迫擊炮的彈幕射擊把敵人趕下山去。在這種行動中,步兵很少實施行進(jìn)間射擊。在一般情形,這種射擊打不中任何目標(biāo),因為在到達(dá)軍事棱線前山坡的突出部會干擾交戰(zhàn)雙方的射擊,它也從來沒有牽制住敵人。當(dāng)散兵線看到某個像目標(biāo)的東西時都會停下來射擊。但在這種行動中,步槍的用處不大,反之,手榴彈卻可以大顯身手。
    THE RIFLE
    THE OLD STANDBY
    In the Korean fighting, there is manifestly a higher percentage of active fire participation by riflemen (including those armed with the carbine) than in operations during World War II.
    This can be felt, rather than accurately counted, and therefore it is difficult to arrive at an accurate percentage figure indicative of the increase. However, averaging out the night and day operations which were covered in the survey, it is considered that well in excess of 50 percent of troops actually committed to ground where fire may be exchanged directly with the enemy will make use of one weapon or another in the course of an engagement.
    The pattern of Korean operations is such that the hand grenade is frequently the first weapon employed by the novice in combat. But again it is observed as an almost invariable rule that once the individual uses any weapon against enemy personnel, he will go on then to become in future engagements relatively a self-starter with his personal firearm. In the daylight attack in Korea, troops frequently advance with an extremely narrow front, the company going forward in depth because of the lack of space for deployment in the movement along the ridge crest. This cramping of the formation by its nature often makes it impossible for all hands to use their weapons freely. Of a given company, only two or three squads, and perhaps the same number of heavy weapons, may be able to take position where they can bear against the enemy-held ground. In such instances, the terrain itself reduces the number who participate actively with weapons, except as squads are rotated in and out of the forward positions.
    Again, in the assault upon the lower sub-ridges, which can be attacked frontally, the foot force is likely to close as rapidly as it can toil uphill, with the climbing men depending more upon the barrage fires of the artillery, armor, multiple mounts, and mortars to beat the enemy down than upon the relatively feeble power of their hand-carried weapons. In this type of action, marching fire is rarely given effective use by the infantry. In the average situation, it would serve no object, since the bulge of the hillside intervenes between the two forces until the military crest is reached, and the fire would not even serve to keep the enemy pinned. The rifle line will halt and fire when it sees anything resembling a target. But in this type of action, there is likely to be small practical use for the rifle, whereas the grenade may prove very handy.
    
    
    
    夜間防御提供了證明M1加蘭德步槍火力的最佳機會。是否能夠在短時間內(nèi)大規(guī)模發(fā)揚M1步槍的火力首先取決于識別目標(biāo)的距離。如果敵軍在我方開火前抵近并在交戰(zhàn)的第一階段出現(xiàn)雙方互擲手榴彈的局面,那么即使防線位于高地、襲來的手榴彈威力不大,也不利于發(fā)揚步槍火力。對我方火力組遭受敵軍投彈手的近距離壓制的戰(zhàn)斗的研究表明上述規(guī)律幾乎無一例外出現(xiàn)在這些戰(zhàn)斗中。在防御的第一階段大量使用手榴彈抑制了其它或許是更有用的防御火力的使用。士兵們并不樂意從手榴彈換用步槍并在急需應(yīng)對敵人的行動時又換回手榴彈。穩(wěn)定的步槍戰(zhàn)斗通常等到手榴彈互擲到了尾聲才開始。在近戰(zhàn)防御中,在使用雙人散兵坑的場合,在同時需要手榴彈和子彈火力的情形,完全可以通過指定一人為專職投彈手、另一人為專職射手的辦法建立有效的步槍火力。在三人或四人火力組中,一人應(yīng)以投彈為主要任務(wù)。留意一下二戰(zhàn)時的術(shù)語吧,他應(yīng)該被叫做這個組的“爆破手”。
    當(dāng)敵人的進(jìn)攻被阻止在自動武器能首先與之交戰(zhàn)的射程之內(nèi)時,它們的火力將會使步槍防線明顯活躍起來,對M1步槍和卡賓槍的全面使用將持續(xù)到戰(zhàn)斗終止。關(guān)于步槍的射擊量,應(yīng)當(dāng)再次指出這與不同形式下的戰(zhàn)術(shù)變化所造成的陣地戰(zhàn)和運動戰(zhàn)間的比率有直接關(guān)系。至于在步槍防線中的叫喊和歡呼,這是穩(wěn)定的射擊的結(jié)果,每個士兵都從中受益,叫喊和歡呼激發(fā)他的判斷力,使他更加活躍,努力尋找最有效的開火位置。所有對夜戰(zhàn)的研究的結(jié)論是:開火最激烈的部隊會根據(jù)形勢變化做出最迅速使用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)調(diào)整,不給敵人喘息的機會。
    The night engagement on defense provides the most favorable opportunity for Ml fire. Whether it can be developed quickly in considerable volume depends primarily on the distance at which recognition takes place. If the enemy gets in close before firing starts and the initial phase sees the two sides engage in a heavy exchange of hand grenades, the rifle firing is apt to develop raggedly, even though the defending line is on higher ground and the incoming grenades are doing little damage. The study of actions in which our firing groups are closely pressed by enemy grenadiers shows almost no exception to this. Heavy use of grenades in the first stage of defense tends toward the repression of other, and perhaps more useful, fires by the defense. Men do not shift readily from the grenade to the rifle and back again as enemy movement might seem to require. Steady rifle action will usually await the dying-away of the grenade exchange. In close defense, where the two-man foxhole system is used, it could conceivably build up the effectiveness of infantry fire as a whole to designate one man primarily as thrower and the other as firer, in any situation which calls for both grenade and bullet fire. Out of a three-man or four-man fire team, one man should be encharged with the main duty of grenading. To advert to World War I terminology, he should be the “bomber” of the team.
    When the enemy in the attack is intercepted at such range that the automatic weapons can first engage him, their fire is highly stimulating to the rifle line, and general use of the Ml and carbine (provided the ammunition holds) is likely to persist until the action is concluded. In connection with rifle fire volume, again it should be noted that there is a direct relationship between the rate of buildup and mobile response to the tactical changes in situation. As with shouting and cheering along the rifle line, there is something about steady fire production, and participation therein by the individual, which enlivens his senses and makes him move about more, in the endeavor to see where the fire would be most useful. The entire study of night actions is conclusive to this end: the unit which engages strongly with fire will also make the most rapid and practical adjustment to the changes in situation and will leave the fewest openings to the enemy.
    
    
    
    從十一月到次年三月的朝鮮戰(zhàn)事中,實際上很少有部隊(即使是排級兵力)在身體上被中共軍隊的進(jìn)攻壓垮。總的來說,我軍步兵堅守陣地直至打光大多數(shù)武器的彈藥;隨后士兵們盡可能向后方陣地撤退。他們并未屈服于逃跑的欲望,那些幸存者是以相當(dāng)良好的秩序撤退的。只有極少的戰(zhàn)例中我軍防線未進(jìn)行強烈抵抗就被撕碎,這是因為散兵坑中的士兵遭遇了迅速的奇襲,當(dāng)敵軍在他們周圍25至30碼距離內(nèi)開火才收到警報,他們“感覺被壓得抬不起頭來,無法射擊”,由于缺少火力保護(hù),陣地陷落了。
    但是在我軍更多的戰(zhàn)例中,盡管一開始面臨同樣嚴(yán)重的不利局勢,士兵們?nèi)匀槐3中判牟⒂肕1步槍開火,因而成功守住了陣地。只要實施堅決的指揮,大聲下達(dá)命令,無論離敵軍多近士兵們都會作出反應(yīng)。但如果當(dāng)士兵們遭受猛烈奇襲的打擊時,把他們丟給自己的裝備任其自生自滅,那么他們就會無所作為,或者軟弱無力地試圖用手榴彈阻擊敵軍。報告中有一些關(guān)于這種差別的非常令人吃驚的戰(zhàn)例。
    In Korean operations from November to March, there were relatively few examples of units - even of platoon strength - being actually physically “overrun” by the CCF attack. Generally, our infantry stood its ground and fought until most of the weapons ran dry; the men then withdrew as best they could to positions farther back. They did not yield to the desire for flight; they went back in reasonably good order - those who survived. But in the rare cases in which the line was cracked apart without giving a strong account of itself, it was because the men in the foxholes were taken by swift surprise, getting their first warning as fire broke around them from 25 to 30 yards range. They “felt that they could not get their heads up to fire”; for lack of fire, the position fell.
    But there were just as many more case studies in which our troops, taken initially at this same heavy disadvantage, still rallied and opened fire with their Mls and thereafter managed to hold the position. When strong direction was given, and commands were shouted, the men responded, no matter how close the enemy. But when they were left to their own devices, under the shock of dramatic surprise, they either did nothing or made feeble attempts to grenade the enemy to a halt. The record provides some very startling examples of this difference.
    
    
    
    我軍再次吸取了這個教訓(xùn):即使近距離沖鋒中的敵人也能被子彈火力阻止住,盡管他只要在運動中手榴彈就可能起不了多大作用。敵人的隊伍退下去以后,可以把手榴彈滾下山或者直接扔向他的隊列,那是一種完全不同的情形。但在近距離戰(zhàn)斗中,手榴彈和子彈的合成火力依然比單獨使用其中一種更為有效。
    因為新兵在夜戰(zhàn)中經(jīng)常胡亂開槍,在戰(zhàn)后總結(jié)里,就算特別注意細(xì)節(jié),也不可能說出每個人使用武器的情況,甚至不可能了解誰積極參戰(zhàn)了。那些檢查武器和個人彈藥供給之類事物的下級軍官也不可能徹底搞清楚這個問題。在緊張的夜戰(zhàn)造成的混亂中,有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的人錯拿了別人的武器;此外,下級軍官也不可能總是在黑暗中檢查是否每個士兵都發(fā)揮了積極作用。因此,關(guān)于個人行為的數(shù)據(jù)并非總是能夠獲取并加以證實的,必須認(rèn)識到這一點:某些參戰(zhàn)者陣亡或失蹤了,所有的目擊者都受到震動,他們提供的情報無論如何都會有相當(dāng)大的誤差。
    然而,通過戰(zhàn)后回溯戰(zhàn)斗發(fā)生時的各個事件,加上點數(shù)士兵誰在戰(zhàn)斗中使用了武器和誰積極參戰(zhàn),綜合起來看,可以得出以下合理的估計:
    在朝鮮,一個普通步兵連中有12%——20%的人員不但積極參與射擊,而且還程度不同的主動在關(guān)鍵崗位上發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用,同時也從事了改善陣地形勢、增加凝聚力的個人活動。
    除了這支關(guān)鍵性力量,還有大約25%——35%的人員也不同程度地參與了整個射擊行動,但并沒有發(fā)揮出對戰(zhàn)斗過程的標(biāo)志性影響。
    
    
    
    The lesson is again drawn that a charging enemy, even at close range, can be stopped by bullet fire, though the grenade is not likely to avail as long as he is in motion. After his line has gone down, and grenades can be rolled downhill or thrown against his line, that is a quite different situation. But in short range action, combining grenade and bullet fire is still more effective than either weapon used separately.
    Because of the high incidence of panic firing among the unseasoned men during night defense, it was not possible in the Korean critiques, even when full attention was given to detail, to determine the total circumstances in which each man used his weapon, or even to be sure that he had been an active firer. That could not be finally ascertained even by those junior leaders who made a check of weapons and personal ammunition supply following engagement. There is considerable weapons-switching in the confusions of a strenuous night engagement; moreover, junior leaders cannot always determine, in the darkness whether each of their men is taking an aggressive part. Hence the data on personal action is not always obtainable and verifiable, and it must be recognized that, when some of the actors are dead or missing, and all of the witnesses have been shaken, there is a considerable margin of error which may apply either way.
    However, from synthesizing incidents around which the fighting developed, and from the post-critique showing of hands on the questions of which men had used weapons in addition to those who had played a prominent part in the engagement, this estimate is supportable :
    ??In the average infantry company in Korea, between 12 and 20 percent of the
    men not only participate actively in the firing, but exercise varying degrees of initiative in on-the-spot leading and taking personal action of a type that betters the unit position and induces cohesion. .
    ??In addition to this control force, there are between 25 and 35 percent of the men who take some part in the fire action, with varying degrees of consistency, but without otherwise giving marked impulse to the course of events.
    
    研究人員認(rèn)為這種表現(xiàn)說明我軍比起二戰(zhàn)時的平均水平有了扎實的進(jìn)步。
    在二戰(zhàn)中,很容易遇到做出“我看見了敵人;我沒有開火;我不知道為什么”這種回答的士兵。在朝鮮戰(zhàn)場,這種回答奇怪地消失了。實際上,在戰(zhàn)后總結(jié)中沒有一個未開火的士兵做出這樣的解釋。
    未開火的士兵給出的理由可能會是這些:
    “我一直看不見敵軍目標(biāo),我認(rèn)為最好還是不開火!
    “手榴彈劈頭蓋臉地砸來,我抬不起頭!
    “我面前有一座小土山,敵軍隱藏在它后面,我看不見!
    “我還沒看見任何人向我沖過來,就從背后被俘了!
    “機槍卡殼了,我在幫軍士修理機槍!
    “敵軍人數(shù)太多,我希望他們可能沒注意到我,就沒開火!
    “我的槍凍住了,又找不著別的槍!
    諸如此類。所有的解釋在他們所處的形勢下都是可以說的通的。但與二戰(zhàn)時的經(jīng)驗相比,沒有一種回答顯示士兵的雙手為某種根深蒂固的習(xí)慣所束縛。
    從統(tǒng)計學(xué)的意義上說,沒有出現(xiàn)那種回答的意義可能并不像表面看上去那么重要。我們甚至可以認(rèn)為在一個普通連隊中總有那么一些人串通好了掩蓋真相。但這些答復(fù)強烈暗示,“參與射擊是一種光榮的義務(wù)”的想法開始在步兵隊伍中扎根,每個士兵都感覺到自己身負(fù)義務(wù)。
    It is believed that this showing is a substantial improvement over the participation averages among World War II troops.
    The infantry soldier, so commonly met with in World War II, who made the stock answer: “I saw the enemy; I didn’t fire; I don’t know why,” is strangely missing from the Korean scene. In fact, this reply was not returned by a single man among the non-firers at any critique.
    Among the reasons given by the non-firers would be these:
    “I didn’t see an enemy target at any time and I thought it best to hold fire until I did.”
    “Grenades were coming in at such a rate I couldn’t get my head up.”
    “There was a rise of earth in front of me which hid their people to view.”
    “I was captured from behind before I saw anyone come against me.”
    “I was helping the sergeant get the machine gun back into operation.”
    “There were so many of them that I held fire, thinking they might pass us by.”
    “My gun was frozen and I couldn’t find another.”
    And so on. All of these explanations made sense in the situation. But in contrast to World War II experience, there were no answers returned indicating that the soldier’s hand was held by some deep-rooted inhibition.
    Statistically, the absence of such answers may not be as important as it appears on the surface. We may even take it that there are a few such men in the average company, and that they are covering up. But there is a strong implication that the idea has become ingrained in the infantry line that fire participation is an obligation of honor, and the obligation is felt by the average soldier.
    
    
    狙擊
    
    狙擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)在美軍中應(yīng)用最少。軍官們一般都同意,戰(zhàn)場上經(jīng)常需要派神槍手在前哨陣地獨立潛伏,等候打中目標(biāo)的機會。敵軍有時采用這種戰(zhàn)術(shù)。我軍從未系統(tǒng)化地應(yīng)用狙擊戰(zhàn)術(shù),通常只是一兩人的即興發(fā)揮而已。究竟是我軍戰(zhàn)術(shù)教學(xué)和訓(xùn)練中存在著某種局限,還是今日普通美國年輕人的天性中存在著某種自我克制,這真的很難說清楚。
    第八集團軍缺乏狙擊所需的器材,特別是夜間執(zhí)行任務(wù)必備的紅外瞄準(zhǔn)鏡。在冬季戰(zhàn)役中,部隊配備的數(shù)量極少,充其量不過是團部人員新奇的消遣而已。步兵指揮官們表示如果他們能獲得大量的器材則將會對夜間防御大有裨益。不過很難在單兵行動中發(fā)現(xiàn)任何數(shù)據(jù)支持這一評估。
    在側(cè)翼設(shè)置的前哨和警戒哨更依靠自動火力而不是一些專業(yè)人員用步槍操作的精密作業(yè)。當(dāng)陣地面臨的壓力不斷增強并開始收縮時,步兵更愿意撤退到能為機槍和勃朗寧輕機槍火力掩護(hù)的場所而非自動火力不能保護(hù)的鄰近地區(qū)。盡管裝備M1步槍的士兵的開火次數(shù)普遍增加,但未受重武器協(xié)助的步兵在穩(wěn)定防御陣地中卻很少起關(guān)鍵作用。
    發(fā)揮個人主動性的突出戰(zhàn)例主要是巴祖卡火箭筒射手,勃朗寧輕機槍手和機槍手創(chuàng)造的。當(dāng)敵軍在距我軍防線75到200碼的距離設(shè)置機槍并冒著火力將它前送的時候,在大多數(shù)情況下它將被有進(jìn)取心的重武器射手而不是兩三個移動中的敢做敢為的步兵殲滅。
    在記錄中發(fā)現(xiàn)的例外如此之少實在令人詫異,盡管你可能會猜想這是缺乏對狙擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)持續(xù)的教導(dǎo)所造成的。裝備步槍的士兵在使用其單兵武器時很少表現(xiàn)出主動性,除非占領(lǐng)無論何時都能帶給自己新的有利條件以應(yīng)對敵軍人員在開闊地上的移動的前沿陣地。個人靈活性加上槍法,再加上偽裝的天賦,就構(gòu)成了“狙擊”行動的基礎(chǔ)。
    由于我軍普遍缺少這樣的行動基礎(chǔ)(“狙擊”行動的基礎(chǔ)),同時,我軍的步兵行動總是圍繞或借助于戰(zhàn)線中的某種重武器或者是別的什么優(yōu)先前提而展開,因此也就從根本上減少了把所有火力作為一個整體沿防御正面平均分布的機會。這也是一個給每個步兵連配發(fā)雙倍勃朗寧輕機槍的間接依據(jù),因為從效用對比上看,雙倍勃朗寧輕機槍的火力效果要好于雙倍的M1步槍和卡賓槍的有效火力
    
    
    SNIPING
    There is minimal use of sniper tactics among American forces. Leaders are in general agreement that the situation would often lend itself to exploitation by individual sharpshooters working stealthily into the forward ground, taking independent cover, and there awaiting any target of opportunity. The enemy occasionally employs such tactics. It is never systematically done by our side, and such actual sniper tactics as are employed are usually an improvization of the moment by one or two individuals. Whether the limiting factor is the rigidity in our tactical teaching and training or some inhibition in the nature of today’s average young American would be hard to say.
    The Eighth Army is short on special equipment for the sniper, particularly the infrared scope needed for night work. During winter operations these were present in such limited numbers as to be hardly more than a novelty for the amusement of the command at a regimental headquarters.
    Infantry line commanders frequently expressed the view that if they could get the equipment in quantity, it would be a godsend in night defense. But it was impossible to find any data on individual usage in amplification of this estimate.
    Outposts and outguards posted along the flank tend to rely more on automatic firepower than on precision work by a few marksmen with the rifle. When the position comes under an increasing pressure and begins to contract, riflemen incline to fall back toward the ground covered by the machine guns and BARS rather than to deploy toward the adjacent spaces which the automatic fire cannot protect. Despite a general increase of firing by those who are armed with the Ml, it is rare indeed that a knot of riflemen, unaided by one of the heavier weapons, plays a pivotal part in the stabilizing of the defensive position.
    The examples of great individual initiative are generally provided by a bazooka man, a BAR carrier, or a machine gunner. When, for example, an enemy machine gun sets up somewhere within 75 to 200 yards of the defending line, and brings it under punishing fire, it will be eliminated in most cases by the enterprise of a firer with one of the heavier weapons, rather than by the mobile aggressiveness of two or three riflemen.
    It is really astonishing how few exceptions to this are to be found in the record, though one suspects that it is by nature the case, in the absence of persistent indoctrination in sniper tactics. The rifle-armed individual can hardly express initiative in the employment of his personal weapon except by taking up forward ground whenever so doing gives him fresh advantage against enemy personnel moving in the open. This individual mobility, plus marksmanship, plus a talent for concealment, is the essence of “sniper” action.
    Our general lack of it, and the tendency in our infantry to move with, and around, one of the heavier weapons in the line, or else forego all movement, materially reduces the chance that fire as a whole will be evenly distributed along the length of the defended front. This is a collateral argument for doubling the number of BARS per infantry company. In ratio, it might very well have the effect of doubling the useful fire from the Ml and carbine.
    
    
    戰(zhàn)術(shù)奇襲的缺乏
    
    既然我軍步兵中缺乏真正的狙擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)是因為我軍的軍事學(xué)說更強調(diào)團隊精神,而不是因為美國人性格中有什么消極因素,產(chǎn)生另一項戰(zhàn)術(shù)局限性的原因也應(yīng)該在這方面仔細(xì)加以考察,盡管這與步槍并沒有直接關(guān)系。
    處于敵軍壓力之下的美軍連隊在夜間進(jìn)行環(huán)形防御的時候,從未對敵軍暴露的側(cè)翼發(fā)動突然的反突擊,甚至在局勢完全有利于采取這項行動時也未能有所作為。這支連隊會盡可能堅守陣地,如果全面壓力變得難以承受,它將向中央或最強的側(cè)翼收縮防線。如果出現(xiàn)奪取和利用主陣地線內(nèi)的更有利戰(zhàn)場的機會,這支部隊的一些人通常能抓住。一旦敵人沒注意到與主陣地毗鄰的山嶺的褶皺和緩坡,而從那里自動火力可用來打擊敵人的側(cè)翼,那么我軍士兵將利用這種地形。
    但是幾乎所有的重要活動看上去都受到“如果不彼此靠攏也要保持不間斷的聯(lián)系”這一原則的限制
    LACK OF TACTICAL SURPRISE
    Since the lack of true sniper tactics in our infantry force appears to stem from doctrinal emphasis on the importance of unity within the group, rather than from negative characteristics in the American individual, one other of the constricting effects upon tactics might well be examined at this point, though it is not directly related to the use of the rifle.
    The American company under pressure, during nighttime defense of a perimeter,is never inclined to throw a surprise counterpressure against the open flank of the enemy, even when the situation appears wholly favorable to such a design. It holds ground, if possible. It contracts toward the center or toward the strongest flank if the general pressure becomes uncontainable. If an opportunity affords to seize and use more advantageous ground within the outline of the general position, some part of the force will usually grasp it. Should the enemy overlook a fold or attenuation of the ridge, in juxtaposition to the main position, from which automatic fire can be turned against the enemy flank, weapons men will take advantage of it.
    But practically all main movement appears to be circumscribed by the principle that all forces should remain continuously in juncture, if not contracting toward each other.
    我軍從未使用過這樣的奇襲戰(zhàn)術(shù),即從主力部隊中暫時抽調(diào)小股部隊去執(zhí)行挫傷敵軍銳氣、分散敵軍注意力的任務(wù)。
    設(shè)想一下這種局面:一個連隊的兵力在嶺脊上均勻地展開。敵軍的攻勢在正面和右翼發(fā)展迅速,看來這支隊伍是輸是贏完全取決于那個地段的態(tài)勢。
    左翼仍幾乎未參戰(zhàn)。雖然看不見任何目標(biāo),但這個扇區(qū)內(nèi)的機槍一直在掩護(hù)前方的斜坡,步兵呆在散兵坑中,等待什么時候能幫得上忙。60mm迫擊炮埋伏在山后,但是敵軍已經(jīng)從鄰近我軍散兵坑的右翼逼近…,這些迫擊炮的火力已不能成為決定性的威懾力量。
    看來這些迫擊炮和所有未交火地帶的武器都沒有迅速地轉(zhuǎn)移到遠(yuǎn)離敵人進(jìn)攻路線的場所,并從他背后投射熾烈火力。機槍、輕機槍或除去底盤的輕迫擊炮都能可靠地完成這種打了就跑的任務(wù)。他們本應(yīng)在短時間內(nèi)發(fā)揮奇襲作用,堅持到足以讓對手動搖(就撤退),迫使他(從我軍正面)調(diào)走部分兵力。
    當(dāng)炮火遮斷整個戰(zhàn)區(qū)的時候,缺乏這樣的進(jìn)取心還容易解釋,但一項重要的事實是即使步兵獨立作戰(zhàn)它也從來沒有嘗試過實施奇襲,而只將生還的希望寄托在自身的武器和人力上。
    局部奇襲在心理上的價值幾乎與主力奇襲一樣重要。然而,沒有記錄證明我軍曾有系統(tǒng)地利用了這些戰(zhàn)術(shù)手段。在這方面,正如缺乏真正的狙擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)一樣,我軍小部隊行動的粗糙質(zhì)量終將給敵軍以可乘之機。敵軍在與我軍小股部隊交戰(zhàn)中,幾乎可以指望自己不上當(dāng)。
    在大規(guī)模軍事行動中,我軍最大限度地使用了奇襲和欺騙,例如利用裝甲縱隊突圍。為什么在我軍的小部隊?wèi)?zhàn)術(shù)教學(xué)中很少采用同樣的原則呢?這個問題值得仔細(xì)考慮。在我們研究的所有在朝鮮的軍事行動中,竟沒有一個美國連隊使用牽制火力的戰(zhàn)例。然而,在許多戰(zhàn)例中我們的中國敵人成功地以這種方式拓展了武器用途。
    There are no surprise tactics in which some fraction of the force detaches itself temporarily from the main body with the object of creating a demoralizing diversion.
    Take this situation : The Company is deployed along a ridge top with its strength distributed quite evenly. The enemy attack develops strongly against the front and right flank, and the whole appearance of the situation is that the line will win or lose according to what happens in that quarter.
    The left flank remains practically unengaged. The machine gun in that sector continues to cover a forward slope, though seeing no targets, and the riflemen stay in their foxholes, awaiting the time when they can be useful. The 60-mm mortars are behind the hill in a draw, but because the enemy has closed in right next to the friendly foxholes, their fire is not a decisive deterrent.
    It seems never to happen that any of these weapons from the quiet zone, or the mortar battery, will be moved out quickly into ground off the enemy avenue of approach with the object of throwing a shock fire across his rear. Such hit-and-run missions conceivably could be done either with machine guns, BARS, or light mortars minus base plates. They would be transitory by nature, done for surprise effect, and sustained just long enough to unsettle the opponent and make him divert some part of his force.
    When artillery is interdicting the general area, the lack of such enterprises as these is subject to explanation, But the significant fact is that it seems never to be attempted even in situations where infantry is operating on its own, and its hope for survival depends upon what can be achieved with its own weapons and manpower.
    The moral values in local surprise should be relatively as great as in major surprise. But it is not of record that we attempt systematically to explore them. In this, as in the lack of true sniper tactics, our small-unit operations have a gregarious quality which ultimately must provide some comfort to the enemy. In his grapple with the small unit he can pretty well count on not being bluffed.
    In the larger scale of operations, we employ surprise and bluff to a maximum; for example, in the sorties made by armored columns. The reason why we are loath to work by the same principle in our small-group teaching should be well worth searching consideration. In all the operations brought under study in Korea, there is not one example of an American company attempting to use diversionary fire. However, there are numerous examples of the Chinese enemy successfully exploiting his use of weapons in this manner.
    


網(wǎng)友評論(15102007)2013-02-21 18:09


    卡賓槍
    
    雞肋
    在低于冰點的寒冷季節(jié)里,卡賓槍就不好使了。根據(jù)氣溫的不同,在實現(xiàn)正常的全自動射擊前,無論你身處何處,都要對卡賓槍進(jìn)行5至20次不等的試射預(yù)熱。
    因為卡賓槍被制造成了全自動的,所以它就很敏感。在大熱天,哪怕是很少的一點灰塵和潮氣混在一起就能使它啞火;而在嚴(yán)寒下,他比其他任何武器都更容易被凍住,也更難以被潤滑到可以正常使用的程度。
    彈倉是另一個麻煩不斷的地方。只幾周時間,彈夾邊緣的子彈就被氧化和灰塵沾染的銹跡斑斑。痕跡非常明顯。那些灰塵大的都能用指甲挖掉。當(dāng)子彈進(jìn)入彈膛,那些在子彈表面由于腐蝕而產(chǎn)生的金屬污垢就會積留在彈膛內(nèi)。就這樣,它會逐漸的越積越多,最終形成一個大塊污物,隨后卡賓槍的部件就會(由于那個大塊污物的存在)失靈。為了防止這樣的失靈,除了頻繁的退出和清洗彈倉內(nèi)的子彈,別無他法。但這種方法所需的時間是耗不起的。
    這種武器不夠威猛。太驕氣。他的日常使用隨著季節(jié)變化,時好時壞。當(dāng)射擊調(diào)到半自動檔的時候,還可靠些,如果時全自動檔,簡直是浪費彈藥。在半自動射擊時,它的精度還不足以對付一個中等距離上的目標(biāo)。以上批評來自于朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中使用過卡賓槍的部隊。
    “雞肋”的名聲比在二戰(zhàn)包括太平洋戰(zhàn)場中更加響亮。在太平洋戰(zhàn)場,卡賓槍近乎無所作為。海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊的批評比陸軍更兇。陸戰(zhàn)一師從上到下對這東西都沒有好印象。他們在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中使用卡賓槍的經(jīng)驗就是完全失望。他們要求,要么徹底淘汰卡賓槍,要么就對卡賓槍進(jìn)行改進(jìn),使之成為有可靠性的武器。第八集團軍的絕大多數(shù)人對卡賓槍也是同樣感覺。不過,偶爾也會有某連或某排對卡賓槍并無太強烈的感受,這種反映取決于該部隊是否在戰(zhàn)斗關(guān)鍵時刻使用了一定數(shù)量的卡賓槍,并同時遭受了慘痛的經(jīng)歷。通常部隊中,配備卡賓槍的人屬于少數(shù),因此,在一場惡仗之后,某連并沒有過多受卡賓槍連累而造成的傷亡,那也是有可能的。這也就使得人們的那種對卡賓槍幾乎是一致的強烈反感完全變得更加出人意料。
    不單單是步兵有這種反感,就是那些經(jīng)歷過幾次在炮兵陣地上與滲透過來的敵軍步兵近距離交戰(zhàn)的炮兵連,他們也會以盡可能快的速度(撂下卡賓槍)拿起M1步槍。人們對卡賓槍進(jìn)行判斷和選擇時所懷著的那種對卡賓槍的宿怨,可以用一個事例加以說明。1950年11月26日晚到27日凌晨,第27步兵團E連作為第25步兵師主力正面突出部一點,與敵軍進(jìn)行了殊死的戰(zhàn)斗。雖然該連在人數(shù)上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于中國人,但是該連的作戰(zhàn)是如此勇猛,以至于該連能一直堅守著他們的陣地,黎明來臨之時,敵軍完成了最后的進(jìn)攻就撤退了。隨后該連奉命撤到一個朝向南面的新陣地。敵軍進(jìn)攻的壓力減緩。死者和傷者被從高地上移走。在進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)斗總結(jié)的過程中,當(dāng)將士們做出解釋和說明時,除卡賓槍以外的所有武器都被提及,并被給予了肯定。盡管在高地上,卡賓槍被扔的到處都是,可并沒有人愿意把它們撿起來使用。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在戰(zhàn)斗過程中,卡賓槍并沒有遭到咒罵;因此我們猜想,那是由于卡賓槍沒有給將士們幫倒忙。
    由于這些卡賓槍的火力有助于敵人行動,所以沒有多少聲音要求一定要使用他們。在記錄中的陣地戰(zhàn)斗,也有幾百件孤立事件涉及使用卡賓槍斃傷一個敵人的情況。這些非常有限的例子里,使用者都是在非常短的距離內(nèi)用全自動檔掃倒1,2個甚至4個敵人的。不過,卡賓槍能夠通過近距離密集的火力削弱敵人的進(jìn)攻意志的說法,還沒有被敵方的反應(yīng)情況所證實。沒有清晰的案例支持這點,即由于卡賓槍密集的火力迫使敵人放棄進(jìn)攻撤退的情況。這已經(jīng)把夜晚戰(zhàn)斗有限的觀察條件和高度緊張的氛圍考慮在內(nèi)了。
    此外,中國軍隊執(zhí)著與夜間進(jìn)攻也是部分問題所在。按道理來說,卡賓槍也能夠在戰(zhàn)斗初期提供教強火力。但只有少量彈藥能夠達(dá)到敵人的進(jìn)攻出發(fā)地。如果不計射速慢的M1,這些火力不足以組織敵人接近到手榴彈距離。而當(dāng)士兵們面對敵人沖到足夠近的緩坡時,能夠夠到敵人的手榴彈之類的投擲武器似乎更能夠保護(hù)自己。在平坦的平地上,情況會有所不同,不過,朝鮮更多的是復(fù)雜的山地。在高地戰(zhàn)斗中,卡賓槍的火力不足以阻止敵人接近,而當(dāng)敵人最后進(jìn)攻時,卡賓槍又形同虛設(shè)。
    在白天的戰(zhàn)斗中。武器又要求另外的使用途經(jīng)。需要的是半自動火力,火力洛點特別分散。事實證明,又沒有多少目標(biāo)能夠讓卡賓槍充分發(fā)揮自動火力的特點。
    
    
    
    射程和殺傷力
    沒有充分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)支持卡賓槍的射程超過50碼。記錄中有極少數(shù)卡賓槍在這個距離或更遠(yuǎn)的地方撂倒敵人的情況。不過這個數(shù)量太少,不能夠視為一般結(jié)論?ㄙe槍的殺傷效果大約有95%發(fā)生在50碼以內(nèi)。因為在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動中,白刃戰(zhàn)十分頻繁,所以在如此短的距離內(nèi)選擇使用卡賓槍應(yīng)該是一個不錯的選擇。
    殺傷效果差也是一個重要的抱怨理由。一些戰(zhàn)斗總結(jié)中,大約50次行動記錄中,有7名目擊者聲稱他們毫無疑問打中了敵人身體,可那些被擊中的敵人士兵仍然可以繼續(xù)沖鋒。一個目擊者是陸戰(zhàn)1團的約瑟夫 R 費舍爾中尉。陸戰(zhàn)一師認(rèn)為他是一個杰出的連級指揮官。他在描述下碣隅里戰(zhàn)斗時,有如下呈詞!按蠹s有30%的卡賓槍給我們造成了麻煩,一些不能開火,一些凍住了。但是我們的人對卡賓槍喪失信心的最主要原因是當(dāng)我們把子彈打進(jìn)25碼遠(yuǎn)的中國佬的胸膛后,他還能繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。這使我十分震驚。這些子彈打得很深。敵人還能繼續(xù)行動。我們有半打人有同樣的抱怨。有些人發(fā)誓他們至少打中3,4次,都不能使被擊中者停下來!
    
    
    
    
    THECARBINE
    ANVIL CHORUS
    
    
    
    In subfreezing weather, the carbine operates sluggishly and, depending upon the degree of cold, will require anywhere from 5 to 20 warm-up shots before it will fire full automatic.
    Since being made full automatic, it is hypersensitive. In hot weather, even small amounts of dust and moisture together will cause it to misfire. In cold weather, it is more sensitive to frost than any other weapon, and more difficult to lubricate in such a way that it will remain operative.
    The magazines are a source of continuing trouble. After only a few weeks the clipped ammunition begins to corrode at the edges where it rubs the metal of the clip, and as the oxidization proceeds dirt becomes mixed with it. The discoloration is obvious, and the dirt can be scraped off with the fingernail. When the shell is injected, the fouled metal leaves its accumulation on the chamber. As this builds up, it gradually develops a block, and the piece goes out of action. There is no way to prevent such stoppages except by frequent unclipping and cleaning of the ammunition; time is insufficient for that.
    The weapon lacks “power.” It is “too delicate.” Its day-to-day operation is (too variable,” according to changes in the weather. It was “more dependable” when it was semi-automatic. When fired full automatic, it “wastes ammunition.” When fired semi-automatic it isn’t sufficiently accurate for “aimed fire at moderate distances.”
    . . . These are a few of the criticisms voiced by troops who have used the carbine in Korean operations. The anvil chorus is much louder than during World War II operations, including the Pacific, where the carbine was hardly an outstanding success.
    The Marine criticism is even more harsh than that of the Army. From top to bottom, 1st Marine Division takes the dim view of this weapon; their experience with it during the Chosen Reservoir operation was the final blow to confidence. They want it either eliminated or made over into a dependable weapon. The clear majority of Eighth
    Army infantry feels this same way about it. An occasional platoon or company can be found which does not feel particularly harshly about the carbine; the reaction ofthe average unit depends upon whether it has had a particularly costly experience with a number of carbines in a critical moment; since usually the carbine men are in the minority, it is possible for a company to go through a stiff fight without undue injury from carbine failures. That makes the almost unanimously strong feeling against the weapon all the more surprising. Not alone does the infantry feel this way; the artillery batteries, which have had several experiences with close-in defense of the gun positions against infiltration, are also going over to the Ml as rapidly as they can convert.
    The rancor which attends this judgment of the weapon can be attested by one incident. On the night of 26-27 November 1950, Easy Company, 27th Infantry Regiment, fought a desperate action when serving as the point, well to the fore of the main body of the 25th Infantry Division. They were vastly outnumbered by the Chinese, but they held their ground with such valor that the enemy, after a last full-scale charge, drew back just as dawn came. The company was then ordered by higher command to fall back on new ground to the southward. The pressure had eased. Dead and wounded were removed from the hill. Also, as the men explained in the course of the critique, all weapons were brought out “except the carbines. They were scattered around the hill, but no one felt like picking them up. We had found during the fight that they were no damned good and we figured they wouldn’t help the enemy.”
    As to the possible effect of full automatic fire by the carbine upon enemy action, there are no sound criteria for attempting an evaluation. In the perimeter fights which are covered by the record, there are literally hundreds of incidents in which the individual relates how with aimed fire from the carbine he shot one of the enemy. There are other instances, limited in number, in which the firer, using the weapon automatically, brought down two, three, or four of the enemy in one burst delivered at exceptionally close range. But what the weapon accomplishes to discourage the enemy and deter his aggressiveness by putting out a considerable volume of fire in a short space, is not provable by the data on enemy reaction. There were no clean-cut examples establishing that, because of a high rate of fire from the carbines in a particular sector, the enemy became discouraged and drew back.
    The conditions of limited observation and high nerve tension which attend nighttime engagement are generally exclusive of any such possible findings.
    However, the persistence of the Chinese after-dark attack has a partial bearing on the question. The carbines produce their heaviest volume of fire in the earlier stages of the fight. They begin to run low on ammunition before there is any marked flagging in the strength of the enemy attack. Their fire does not prevent the enemy from closing to within grenade range of the defended ground, nor for that matter does the slower fire of the Ml. When men are pinned fairly close to earth by an enemy down slope at close range, the grenade thrown from the high ground has a good chance of finding its mark, whereas because of instinctive reaction to the desire for self-preservation, fire delivered from a shoulder weapon will likely go high. On flat ground, the tendencies would be different. But, there is relatively little fighting on an even grade in Korea.
    In the hill fights, carbine volume does not prevent the enemy from closing, and when
    his final rushes are made, the carbines are beginning to go empty. In the daylight attack, the weapon more nearly pays its way. Only then it is used more frequently in semi-automatic firing, and its power is more evenly distributed over the course of the engagement. Sufficient to note that this was not the purpose for which the carbine was intended or the object for which it was changed to full automatic.
    
    
    
    
    RANGE AND EFFECT
    There are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yards. The record contains a few examples of carbine-aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more. But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them. Where carbine fire had proved killing effect, approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yards.
    Because of the frequency of hand-to-hand fighting in Korea operations, there has been a suitable opportunity for judging of the takedown characteristics of the carbine round when delivered at close range.
    This is not a source of general complaint. However, there is some illuminating comment. In the approximately 50 infantry actions covered, there were in all 7 witnesses who said that they had fired at an enemy soldier under conditions where there was no doubt that the bullet had struck him in a vital part of the body, and that he had kept on coming. One such witness is 1st Lt Joseph R. Fisher, 1st Marine Regiment. He was speaking of the defense at Hagaru-ri. The 1st Marine Division regarded him as one of its ablest and most objective company commanders. These were his words:
    “About 30 percent of our carbines gave us trouble; some wouldn’t fire at all; others responded sluggishly. But the main reason my men lost confidence in the carbine was because they would put a bullet right in a Chink’s chest at 25 yards range, and he wouldn’t stop. This happened to me. The bullet struck home; the man simply winced and kept on coming. There were about half a dozen of my men made this same complaint:some of them swore they had fired three or four times, hit the man each time, and still not stopped him.”
    
    
    火炮和無后座力武器的用途
    
    因為在針對敵軍特定目標(biāo)的軍事行動中它們總是相互協(xié)同的,所以在此將兩者一并考慮。
    在朝鮮的炮兵軍官經(jīng)常抱怨步兵總是呼叫炮兵執(zhí)行那些以步兵自己的武器可以更好完成的任務(wù);在步兵對付其火力難以解決的大型目標(biāo)時如果更頻繁地呼叫炮兵,步兵的日子就能好過一點,也就能挽救更多的生命,這種故事我們聽得也不少。
    所有這一切形成了一個怪圈。
    盡管在過去的戰(zhàn)爭中這兩種意見通常針鋒相對因此也就彼此抵消。但如何在聯(lián)合行動中最好地平衡步兵和炮兵的火力,沒有一方就這個問題提出令人滿意的解決方案。問題在於,在朝鮮的步兵作戰(zhàn)中,無論這雙方相互抱怨中的哪一種,是不是到了經(jīng)年累月的程度,而顯示步兵軍官對炮兵的潛力,局限,后勤問題缺乏了解呢?
    因為步兵現(xiàn)在所擁有的遠(yuǎn)程重武器也具有巨大的破壞力,其效果與炮兵火力相差無幾,所以,合理評估目標(biāo)區(qū)域從而保證這兩個兵種的火力整合就比以往更加緊迫了。步兵對無后座力武器的使用是在朝鮮的軍事行動中戰(zhàn)術(shù)的一項新發(fā)展;是否能平衡運用這些武器,僅能通過重新審視炮兵問題的某些方面來評估。
    在我們對所研究的步兵行動中被召喚和實際實施的炮兵火力進(jìn)行考察時,涉及了戰(zhàn)場的形勢、目標(biāo)等方面的問題,這樣的考察表明,步、炮兩個兵種的火力配合保持了合理的平衡與協(xié)調(diào)。步兵并沒有過分使用炮兵火力支援的傾向。
    在冬季的軍事行動中,步兵往往急迫地要求耗盡炮彈的炮擊以保護(hù)夜間陣地。這種情況下可能消耗了超過形勢所需的炮彈,因而造成了浪費。然而,把這種要求視作步兵對炮兵任務(wù)和困難的誤判也不公允,因為這就忽略了非常人性化的考慮:步兵指揮官的首要職責(zé)是盡可能消除部下的焦慮感并保護(hù)他們的陣地而不是去擔(dān)憂炮兵的后勤問題。當(dāng)炮兵確信自己已準(zhǔn)確了解局勢時,他們就能強硬地面對這種傾向。根據(jù)為此項研究搜集的數(shù)據(jù):我軍步兵在朝鮮比在二戰(zhàn)時更敢于冒一時之險,不呼叫炮兵就進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)斗。然而,一位在前線服役約一年的步兵營長發(fā)表了如下意見:“根據(jù)我的觀察還有我從別的營長那里了解到的,我軍大量的火炮和空中支援被不必要地消耗了。我們?yōu)榍笕f無一失,在太多的場合使用了空軍和炮兵。我曾經(jīng)在率部攻打山頭的時候呼叫空軍和炮兵,而我當(dāng)時并不肯定射程內(nèi)是否存在任何敵人。在戰(zhàn)斗中,我們?yōu)楸WC士兵的生命交納了過高的“保險費!庇袝r,十個敵軍步兵就可能擋住我軍一個完整的團級縱隊,直到一個營的火炮、坦克和所有支援武器準(zhǔn)備完畢,能夠協(xié)助少數(shù)步兵前進(jìn)為止!边@是一位男子漢的觀點。
    
    
    
    RECOILLESS WEAPONS
    USE OF ARTILLERY AND RECOILLESS WEAPONS
    These two subjects are considered together at this point because they are conjoint in operations against certain major enemy targets.
    Among artillery officers in Korea there is heard the usual plaint against infantry that it calls on the artillery for fire missions which could be better carried out by their own weapons; not less frequently is heard the story that the infantry would get along better, and save more lives, if it called on the artillery more frequently when operating against targets too big to be reduced by infantry fires.
    All of this has a strangely familiar ring.
    But since the two ideas, however general their circulation in past wars, are mutually exclusive and therefore cancel out each other, neither provides a satisfactory approach to the problem of how infantry and artillery fires are best balanced in combination.The question is whether either fault is chronic in such measure during infantry operations in Korea as to indicate that infantry officers are insufficiently trained in knowledge of the potential, limits, and logistical problem of the other arm.
    Because of infantry’s present possession of heavy weapons capable of producing heavy blast effects at long range, similar to the explosion of artillery shells, the need to conserve fires by both arms in conformity with sound evaluation of target areas is more pressing than ever. Employment of the recoilless weapons by the infantry is one of the new developments in Korean operations; whether the weapons are being employed in balance can only be assessed by reviewing certain aspects of the artillery problem.
    The check of artillery fires called for and delivered in the infantry actions which were taken under study, as to the situation, the target, etc., indicates that the equation is kept in reasonable balance. The infantry does not tend toward over-exploitation of its artillery support. In the main, its requests are reasonable.
    In the winter operations, the infantry was inclined to press hard for interdictory artillery fires for protection of the night position, and perhaps more shell was wasted this way than the situation sometimes warranted. However, it would be immoderate to view this as a fault in infantry appreciation of the artillery role and problem, for to do so would exclude the very human consideration that the first obligation of the infantry commander is to do all possible to relieve the anxieties and protect the position of his men, rather than to worry about artillery logistics. It is up to artillerymen to harden against this tendency when convinced that they have read the situation correctly. According to the data gathered for this study, our infantry in Korea was more inclined to take the casual risks of combat without crying for artillery help than during World War II. However, one infantry battalion commander, who had served almost one year in line, made this comment : “From what I observed, and what I learned from other battalion commanders, much of our artillery and air support was needlessly expended. We used both air and artillery in too many instances for outright insurance. I have called for air and artillery on hills which we were attacking, not knowing positively that there was any enemy within range. In combat, we seem still to place too high a premium on the worth of one human life. Ten enemy riflemen may sometimes hold up an entire regimental column until a battalion of artillery, tanks, and every supporting weapon within the battalion are ready to aid the advance of a few riflemen. The practice can become unduly expensive.” This was one man’s point of view.
    在朝鮮,敵軍的許多主要目標(biāo)經(jīng)常是難以確知的,為了確定敵軍目標(biāo),表面上看我軍似乎是不遺余力,用盡了手段。而盡管成倍的努力和投入不過是敵軍目標(biāo)和敵軍對常規(guī)火力抵抗力極端堅韌的必然結(jié)果,可我軍的這種做法還是受到了質(zhì)疑,人們懷疑這是否有用。
    中共軍隊利用沿巖石山嶺的嶺脊布置塹壕陣地的辦法不斷挫敗我軍重武器和空軍的精確射擊。重武器和空軍竭盡全力去摧毀敵軍堅強的支撐點,但經(jīng)常除了造成強烈震動和殲滅一些部署在淺層工事的敵軍以外,并不能取得決定性的戰(zhàn)果。步兵還得接近敵軍陣地,最終以自己的武器殺敵,敵軍的重型工事有時能堅持到所有的防御者都被手榴彈炸死。
    傳統(tǒng)上,摧毀“大型目標(biāo)”是炮兵的任務(wù),步兵也從來都承認(rèn)這是炮兵的特權(quán)。在目標(biāo)方面,“大型目標(biāo)”在朝鮮的軍事行動中特別難以捕捉。如果炮兵能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)和直接瞄準(zhǔn)這種目標(biāo),那么摧毀它便是一個不錯的戰(zhàn)果。但是,地形條件使得他們很少有這種機會。
    當(dāng)中共軍隊擁有4到10天時間組織棱線陣地時,他們習(xí)慣把機槍掩體修的幾乎與地面持平。他們在正、反斜面都有可能部署迫擊炮,這取決于射程和能否有效掩護(hù)。步兵配置在散兵坑,掩護(hù)接近主要工事的通道。他們極少浪費兵力去防御較低的斜坡。
    掩體內(nèi)壁通常是用被纜繩捆在一起的雙層粗原木搭建的,而掩體頂部可能本身就是山體的一個突出部(而它由4到8英尺厚的泥土和巖石構(gòu)成),于是,掩體便能經(jīng)得住除8英寸口徑火炮以外所有武器的猛烈打擊。除非是直接命中,否則輕型火炮根本就奈何不了這樣的敵軍工事。考慮到敵軍工事的特點,要想直接命中,概率只有千分之一。槍炮眼通常高14到30英寸,而且通常凹進(jìn)掩體壁。這些隱蔽部通常被設(shè)置在順著山梁方向的地褶內(nèi),與主抵抗線垂直而與射擊方向平行。他們被這樣配置是要阻止我軍步兵從側(cè)翼迂回并沿棱線走向進(jìn)攻。
    這意味著從前方觀察,他們通常是完全隱蔽的。在一條山脊上,無論哪一處都可能會暗藏著2到6個那樣的掩體。而數(shù)小時內(nèi),從敵軍所在的主要區(qū)域一直可以射出穩(wěn)定的重機槍火力。
    此外,在1500到2000碼的距離,訓(xùn)練有素的觀測員也不能識別出敵軍的特定目標(biāo)或任何重大活動。
    在表面上,這看上去是個主要靠炮兵的干預(yù)來解決的問題。炮兵認(rèn)為情況正是這樣,步兵也從來不會提出異議。但是在通常的情形,我軍步兵占領(lǐng)的高地往往擋在炮兵和其目標(biāo)之間。這種高地可能是一條或一連串的山嶺。此時就需要間瞄射擊了。在這種形勢下,以野戰(zhàn)炮兵的常規(guī)射擊壓制這些掩體的機會確實微乎其微。如果有人要搞清為什么會這樣,他只需繪制出一門火炮向這樣一個目標(biāo)射出的炮彈飛行曲線就可以了。如果這條線偏移幾英寸,那么炮彈就完全打不中目標(biāo)。
    在我們所研究的各次行動中,盡管以密集炮火轟擊中國人的掩體,但還沒有一個火炮以直瞄射擊打中它們的戰(zhàn)例。它們也能經(jīng)得起火箭彈和凝固汽油彈的空中打擊;報告中有空軍直接將凝固汽油彈投到掩體頂部的例子。那一發(fā)凝固汽油彈滾落到了嵌壁槍眼的前方。盡管如此,防御者仍未被殺死,而且在簡短的間歇后又恢復(fù)了射擊。
    
    
    
    當(dāng)步兵向?qū)γ娓叩氐奶囟〝耻娔繕?biāo)進(jìn)行火力打擊時,無后坐力武器所能帶來的好處幾乎是不言自明的。在1000到1200碼間的射程,75mm無后座力炮是唯一能實施直瞄射擊以較高概率一發(fā)精確擊中并摧毀目標(biāo)的火炮。如果馱載炮能夠運上來,那么它也有可能做到這一點。不過,在沒有馱載炮的情況,無后座力武器就是(步兵)主要的指望了。它們一次次以這種使用方式地證明了自己的實力。當(dāng)距離超過1000碼時,57mm無后坐力炮的射程就不夠了。而為了試圖推翻這個結(jié)論,部隊已經(jīng)浪費了過多的該口徑炮彈。75mm無后坐力炮過于沉重,當(dāng)部隊向更高的山嶺移動時,往往把它們放在隊伍的后面,而把57mm無后坐力炮置于前面作為替代,但這樣的使用超出了這個替代品的有效射程。
    這個問題的本質(zhì)是,擊中目標(biāo)所需射程與目標(biāo)的高程通常成正比。換句話說,當(dāng)部隊突越較低的山嶺時,交戰(zhàn)距離通常縮短。在運輸重量不受太多限制的情況,即使所需射程較短,57mm無后座力炮能完成任務(wù),帶上75mm無后座力炮也是很合適的,因為它具有更強的沖擊力。在這個意義上,有火力重疊的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。
    
    
    
    另一方面,當(dāng)步兵近距離突擊據(jù)守高地的敵軍步兵群時,57mm無后座力炮可謂無價之寶。總有一些暗堡堅持抵抗,由于它們受到山嶺的保護(hù),所以在遠(yuǎn)程炮火之下仍幾乎毫發(fā)無傷。敵軍散兵放棄外圍的散兵坑防線之后,在向這些防御工事撤退的過程中,很容易得到小洞穴和裸露巖層的保護(hù)。子彈對這些掩護(hù)完全無效,但用57mm無后座力炮就可以把敵兵轟出來。
    
    
    
    In Korea, the baffling character of many of the main enemy targets has brought about use of a seeming excess of means in the effort to reduce them. But it is to be doubted that there is any help for it, duplication is the inevitable consequence of the extreme toughness of the targets and their resistance to normal fires.
    The use which CCF make of dug-in positions along the rocky ridge crests is frustrating of precision fire by the heavy weapons, including air power. Going their best to destroy the enemy strong points, frequently in the end they bring off nothing more decisive than a strong shock effect and the elimination of a certain number of the enemy who are disposed in the more shallow works; it then remains for the infantry to close and make the final kill with its own weapons, with the heavy works of the enemy sometimes holding out until the occupants are killed with grenades.
    Traditionally, it is the task of artillery to knock out the “big stuff,” and the infantry is ever ready to concede it that privilege. But in terms of target area, the “big stuff” in Korean operations is peculiarly elusive. It would be a fair mark for the guns, if they could see it and lay directly on it, but, such is the nature of the ground that they rarely have that opportunity.
    When the CCF have as many as four to ten days in which to organize a ridgeline position, they customarily hinge it upon machine-gun bunkers built close to the skyline. The mortars may operate from either the forward or reverse slope, depending on range and the availability of cover. The riflemen are disposed in foxholes covering the approaches in relatively close juxtaposition to the main works. They rarely waste force in an attempt to defend along the lower slopes.
    The walls of the bunkers are frequently double tiers of thick logs bound together by cable. The roof may be an overhang of earth and rock between four and eight feet in thickness; so being, it is shellproof to a collapsing fire from anything except an 8-inch gun. Except for a direct hit, light artillery fire cannot neutralize it, and in the nature of the position, direct hits are a l-in-1000 accident. The embrasures are between 14 and 30 inches in height and are usually recessed. Frequently these nests are sited in a fold along the facing of the ridge, putting them at right angles to our MLR and parallel to the fire issuing from it. They are thus sited to block the infantry advance when it moves in from the flank, attacking down the length of the ridgeline.
    This means that they are almost perfectly hidden to observation from the front. One ridgeline may hold anywhere between two to six such bunkers. Persistent machinegun fire may be received from the general area for hours. Still, at between 1500 and 2000 yards range, the trained observer cannot pick up a specific target or see any significant activity.
    On the surface, this appears as a problem to be solved mainly by artillery intervention. The artillerymen accept it as such, and the infantry is never inclined to say no. But in the average situation, the high ground held by the friendly infantry intervenes between the artillery and its target. This may be one ridge or a series. Therefore indirect fire is required. The chance that the bunkers will be neutralized through a normal shoot by field artillery under these conditions becomes very small indeed. One need only plot the curve of an artillery shell moving against such an object to see why this is so. If the line is only a few inches off, the effect is a total miss.
    During the operations taken under survey, there was not one instance of an artillery shell scoring a direct hit on a Chinese bunker, despite consistent fires against these objects. They were resistant also to air attack both with rockets and napalm; the record includes examples wherein the air scored direct hits with napalm atop the bunker. The napalm rolled over and down the front of the recessed embrasure. Still, the occupants were not killed, and, after a brief interlude, resumed their fire.
    
    
    
    The advantage which the recoilless weapons give infantry in firing against targets of this character from the opposing heights scarcely requires description. At ranges between 1000 and 1200 yards, the 75 recoilless is the only piece which can take them under direct fire, with a relatively good chance of hitting dead on and destroying the object in one round; pack artillery might do it if it were available, but in its absence, the recoilless weapons are the main hope. In this type of usage, they have justified themselves time and again. The 57 is too light for such work at ranges exceeding 1000 yards, though troops have wasted an excess of 57 ammunition trying to prove otherwise; because of the weight problem with the 75, it is often left behind during movement into the higher ridges, and the attempt is made to substitute the 57 at prohibitive ranges.
    In the nature of the problem, the range of fire that is needed is quite apt to be in proportion to the height of the ground which is to be surmounted. In other words, troops are fighting across low ridges, operating distances are apt to be foreshortened. Thus under conditions which are less prohibitive to weight carrying, when the ranges are shorter and the 57 would do the work, the 75 is still very apt to be taken along because it packs the extra wallop. To this extent, there is an overlapping.
    On the other hand, the 57 becomes invaluable during the closing infantry assault on an enemy-held high hill mass. Always a few bunkers remain in operation; those which were protected from the long-range fires by the folding of the ridge are likely to be almost unscathed. Falling back toward these works, after quitting the outer line of foxholes, enemy skirmishers are apt to seek protection in small caves and behind rock outcroppings. The 57 can blast them out from cover which would provide immunity to bullet fire.
    
    
    對武器的評價
    
    士兵們在迫切需要無后座力武器的情形下使用它們的次數(shù)越多,對它們的評價就越高。無一例外。他們會被問到:“你覺得75mm無后座力炮怎么樣?”他們的回答可能是否定的。經(jīng)過調(diào)查,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們一次也沒有使用過這種炮:他們不喜歡它,因為它太沉重。但是,在使用者中只有一種反應(yīng):熱情贊揚。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種武器無可挑剔,并為它的能力感到驚奇。
    在美國本土,軍方人士對75mm無后座力炮尾端的火焰頗為關(guān)注,有一位將軍覺得這使得它成了一種給步兵帶來危險的武器。在戰(zhàn)場上,這些疑慮并沒有得到響應(yīng)。士兵和指揮官們一致認(rèn)為這種閃光在實戰(zhàn)中并非一個問題。他們通常以這樣的回答來解除疑慮:“為什么擔(dān)心?他們(敵人)知道我們在哪!庇幸晃卉娛看鸬溃骸拔也肯碌挠行┦勘鴵(dān)心火焰和反向沖擊波,因為他們讀過很多這方面的報道。但當(dāng)我們開火時,他們就鎮(zhèn)定下來了!币话愣,這不是一個影響戰(zhàn)斗組士氣的關(guān)鍵因素。他們覺得如果可以在開火后轉(zhuǎn)移一小段距離,這就足以提供充分的保護(hù)了。
    
    
    
    反坦克
    
    在我們所研究的軍事行動中,沒有使用這種武器打擊敵軍坦克的戰(zhàn)例。在兩個戰(zhàn)例中,75mm無后坐力炮被用來打擊敵軍自行火炮;在這兩個戰(zhàn)例中,它都擊毀了敵軍火炮。然而,第7海軍陸戰(zhàn)團敘述它曾在早期軍事行動中使用75mm無后坐力炮打擊敵軍坦克。
    在一個戰(zhàn)例中,我軍以75mm無后坐力炮擊毀了4輛隱蔽中的敵軍坦克。荷馬 利曾伯格上校及其屬下軍官提交的戰(zhàn)后總結(jié)中提到:在反坦克行動中,75mm無后坐力炮“從沒有令本團失望。”但這次經(jīng)歷證實了與坦克戰(zhàn)斗時,“在目標(biāo)非常接近前不開火很重要,否則75mm無后坐力炮便不能擊毀它們!弊鲬(zhàn)參謀威廉 R 厄內(nèi)上尉給出了對這種武器有效性的非常有啟迪作用的評估:“我們不把75mm無后坐力炮當(dāng)作單用途武器;殺傷敵軍人員是它的巨大價值之一。因為它彈道扁平,在小山頂?shù)膽?zhàn)斗中可以用它對付碉堡,敵軍集群,機槍,還有其他武器難以奏效的洞口。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它實現(xiàn)以上這些全面用途的時候十分輕便。”
    “在一個地勢非常糟糕的地點,我軍兩個連為堅守一條300米高的棱線而艱苦備嘗,我們需要能擊毀峽谷對面1300碼遠(yuǎn)的中國人的碉堡和機槍的武器。我前往反坦克組,找到了威廉 L 維克中士率領(lǐng)的小組,它們有一門炮和40發(fā)彈藥。這兩個連的退路已被切斷,但是反坦克組還是成功地擠了進(jìn)去。敵軍再次從后方合圍了我軍,隔絕了這個陣地。這兩個連一直堅守了整個晚上。
    “破曉時分,維克主動地去查找敵軍的炮位并向它們開火,打了15發(fā)彈藥。此時,中國人開始搜尋他。他把這門炮轉(zhuǎn)移到了一個隱蔽的位置,等到敵人來到距炮200碼遠(yuǎn)的地方時,將10發(fā)高爆彈打進(jìn)敵軍的一個連隊。這樣,他便以一門炮粉碎了這次進(jìn)攻,同樣,戰(zhàn)況也證實了這種武器的機動性。這次戰(zhàn)斗發(fā)生在柳潭里的正南方。”
    長津湖戰(zhàn)役和三個月之后的“打樁機行動”提供了很多75mm無后坐力炮參戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)例。所有這些戰(zhàn)例都證實了這種炮不同尋常的精確性以及它全面的戰(zhàn)斗價值。
    在敵軍對下碣隅里的圍攻中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)75mm無后坐力炮對于擊退夜襲特別有效。它被用于擊毀從相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離外向我軍步兵隊伍開火的機槍和迫擊炮。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)75mm無后坐力炮發(fā)射的白磷彈最適合執(zhí)行這項任務(wù)。
    在這些夜戰(zhàn)中,盡管陣地周圍敵軍火力很猛烈,75mm無后坐力炮也沒有轉(zhuǎn)移。士兵們在75mm無后坐力炮周圍掘壕固守。
    至少這些記錄傳達(dá)了一種印象:不熟悉75mm無后坐力炮的性能是妨礙士兵們在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中更廣泛地應(yīng)用這種武器的唯一因素。應(yīng)當(dāng)強調(diào)的是:山嶺越高,武器重量對其應(yīng)用的限制性就越大。在突越高于地面300米以上的山嶺時,通常存在一個問題:75mm無后坐力炮可能發(fā)揮的作用能否證明運輸它所需的人力是劃算的?在狹窄的山路或光滑的地面上的任何移動肯定都存在風(fēng)險。第2步兵師和第24步兵師都有士兵在試圖前運75mm無后坐力炮時摔傷了脊背。
    
    
    
    APPRECIATION OF WEAPON
    Appreciation by troops of the recoilless weapons is exactly in proportion as they have been given employment in those situations for which they were intended. There was no exception to this. Troops would be asked: “What do you think of the 75 recoilless?”The answer would be negative. Inquiry would then develop that they had never once used the gun: they disliked it because it was heavy. But among the users, there was only one reaction - enthusiastic approval. They found no fault whatever in the weapon and were amazed at its capabilities.
    In the ZI there has been considerable concern about the flash, and a general feeling that this made it a dangerous weapon for infantry. These doubtings have no echo in the field. Unanimously, troops and commanders said that flash was not a problem in actual operations. This feeling was usually resolved in some such answer as: “Why worry ? They know we’re there.” One sergeant replied: “Some of my men were concerned about flash and back-blast because they had read so much about it.But when we opened fire, they settled down.” In general, it is not a factor in the morale of operating crews. They feel that if they can displace a short distance after firing, that affords sufficient protection.
    
    
    
    
    AGAINST ARMOR
    In the operations studied, there were no examples of these weapons being used against enemy armor. In two instances, the 75 had been employed to fire on an SP gun; in both cases, it had knocked out the gun. The Seventh Marine Regiment did, however, recount its experience with the 75 in earlier operations against enemy armor.
    In one case the gun had been used to knock out four nesting tanks, the closest being
    15 yards and the farthest 75 yards. In the critique attended by the commander, Co1
    Homer Litzenberg and his officers, it was stated that the 75 had “never once failed the
    regiment” in action against armor, but that experience had proved that when fighting tanks “it is necessary to hold fire until the target is very close or the 75 will not knock them out.” A very revealing estimate of the weapon’s usefulness was given by Capt
    William R. Earney, S3, in these words: “We do not regard the 75 as a single-purpose
    weapon; one of its great values is in use against personnel. Because of its flat trajectory, in hilltop fighting it can be used against pillboxes, enemy groups, machine guns, and cave entrances when no other weapon will suffice. We have found it sufficiently portable for this general purpose.
    
    
    
    “In a particularly bad spot, with two companies having a hard time holding a ridgeline about 300 meters high, we needed something that could knock out Chinese pillboxes and machine guns as far as 1300 yards away across the valley. Me went to the AT section, got a group under S/Sgt William L. Vick, one gun and 40 rounds of ammo. The two companies had been cut off, but the section managed to squeeze through. Then once again the enemy closed across the rear, isolating the position. The companies remained there through the night.
    “At first light, on his own initiative, Vick located the enemy emplacements and
    fired on them, using 15 rounds. Then the Chinese came looking for him. He moved
    the gun to a concealed position, waited until they got within 200 yards of the gun, and
    then fired 10 rounds of HE into about a company of the enemy. That one gun broke
    up the attack; also, the circumstances speak for the mobility of the weapon. This action took place just to the south of Udam-ni.”
    There are many more examples of the gun in action supplied from the Chosen Reservoir operation, and from Operation Punch, three months later. All bespeak the unusual accuracy of the gun and it’s all-around combat worthiness.
    In the siege of Hagaru-ri, the 75mm recoilless was found to be especially useful in repelling the night attack. It was used to knock out machine guns and mortars firing on the infantry line from relatively long range. The 75’s WP shell was found to be most suitable for this work.
    During these night actions, the gun did not displace, though there was heavy enemy fire around the position. The men dug in beside the gun and stayed there.
    Lest these notes convey an impression that, unfamiliarity with the weapon is the only drag on greater use of the 75 by troops in the Korean fighting, it should be emphasized that the higher the ridge, the more prohibitive the weight factor becomes.In fighting across ridges in excess of 300 meters above the LD, it’ is always a question whether the possible use of the gun justifies the manpower required to move it. It is a positive danger in any movement along narrow trails or over slippery ground. Both in the 2nd and 24th Divisions men have had their backs broken in falls while trying to get the 75 forward.
    ROCKETLAUNCHERS
    A MARGINAL WEAPON?
    Due to the enemy’s lack of armor in winter operations 1950-51, this group of
    weapons had little decisive effect in the local fighting, except as CCF contrived to
    capture some of our weapons and employ them against our metal. They did not prove
    inexpert in exploiting the opportunity. There are a number of examples in the record
    of CCF using the rocket launcher against our tanks, field pieces, and vehicles at comparatively
    short range (15 to 50 yards) and scoring killing hits. The tank-killing weapons
    all involve this special jeopardy; no other materiel can be converted more quickly and
    decisively to enemy use upon capture, particularly when armor, being unopposed by
    its own kind, relaxes it’s normal precautions.
    
    
    火箭筒
    
    邊緣武器?
    由于敵人在1950-51年的行動中缺乏裝甲兵器,火箭筒這種兵器在實際戰(zhàn)斗中并沒有發(fā)揮巨大的作用。當(dāng)然中共軍隊操作繳獲的我們的火箭筒來打擊我們的情況除外。事實證明,他們專長于利用這樣的機會。比較我們的使用情況,有很多的中共戰(zhàn)斗例子表明,他們用火箭筒在極近的距離(15到50碼)打擊我們的坦克,戰(zhàn)地目標(biāo),和機動車輛并獲得很多戰(zhàn)績。這種坦克殺手武器造成了極度危險,沒有任何一種其他武器能夠被敵人繳獲,并且被敵人很快使用并且成為他們的主要武器。特別是對我們的裝甲車輛,自以為無敵,放松警惕的時候。
    
    
    
    In the winter fighting, our bazooka fire was used mainly against machine guns, buildings where enemy skirmishers had taken cover, and other large objects. There was less of a tendency to employ it at short range against enemy personnel, in substitute for mortar fire. The data are insufficient to warrant saying whether the launcher justifies its place in the infantry company weapons system under the conditions in which the CCF was engaged by our line during the winter. There are some graphic examples of its killing effect in the crises of a number of local engagements; these are well outnumbered by the operational narratives in which the launchers are accounted as present, but have no influence upon the course of combat. From the data - which are admitt’edly an inconclusive sample - it is indicated only that the launcher is a marginal weapon when the enemy lacks armor. With few exceptions, its telling shots could have been contrived by some other weapon present with the line. In other words, it did
    not have unique advantages in infantry-against-infant’ry action, as it was used in the average tactical situation.
    在冬季戰(zhàn)斗中,我們的巴祖卡主要用來摧毀敵方機槍,敵方占據(jù)的建筑物和其他大目標(biāo)。并沒有將其作為迫擊炮的替代火力用于短距離戰(zhàn)術(shù)對抗中的趨勢。在冬天中共軍隊突破我軍防線的戰(zhàn)斗中,也缺乏數(shù)據(jù)證明火箭筒在步兵連武器系統(tǒng)中是否處于恰當(dāng)?shù)匚弧S幸恍├诱f明在戰(zhàn)斗關(guān)鍵時刻他的殺傷效果影響了局勢。不過,現(xiàn)在的火箭筒戰(zhàn)斗的描述非?鋸,實際上卻并沒有影響戰(zhàn)斗的過程。從數(shù)據(jù)看——在一些不確定的例子中——當(dāng)敵人缺乏裝甲力量時,火箭筒實際上成為邊緣武器。只有少數(shù)例外,火箭筒和其他武器一同在戰(zhàn)場上使用。換句話說,在其被使用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動中,他并不是步兵對抗中獨一無二的優(yōu)勢兵器。
    By t’he account of our average line officer in Korea, under the conditions of the fighting there, the 3.5 launcher is of greater utility in any situation than the small bazooka, and he sees no argument for retention of the latter within the infantry weapons system. It becomes excess baggage as soon as the 3.5 is in good supply. But the question cannot be resolved that easily. If it is true that the small bazooka is an effective antipersonnel weapon, but that its potential has not been adequately exploited because of a hiatus in training, then its extra portability may give it advantage over the 3.5 in particular situations, for the same reason’ that the 60-mm mortar is useful, though the 81 has greater killing radius. Further light on the subject may come from study of an incident in which the small launcher was given decisive use against human targets.
    在我們普通韓國戰(zhàn)地指揮官的考量中,結(jié)合這里的戰(zhàn)斗條件,3.5寸的火箭筒在任何情況下都要比小巴祖卡有用的多,他們認(rèn)為沒有必要在步兵武器系統(tǒng)內(nèi)列裝后者。這造成,大量3.5寸火箭筒補充充裕。問題的解決可沒那么容易。如果說巴祖卡作為一種有效的反單兵武器是正確的,也會因其操作手缺乏訓(xùn)練而限制其潛力的發(fā)揮,但由于其優(yōu)于3.5寸超級巴祖卡的便攜性,使他可以很好的替代超級巴祖卡——依據(jù)同樣理由,盡管,81毫米的殺傷效果明顯好,60毫米的迫擊炮的使用更方便。這個項目的進(jìn)一步明朗可能要取決于89毫米火箭筒是否能夠在對抗步兵目標(biāo)時取得絕對性作用研究。
    THE BAZOOKA AGAINST MEN
    用巴祖卡對抗步兵攻擊
    In the attack of the 1st Marine Division from Hagaru-ri to Koto-ri, the 5th Marines assumed defense of the whole Hagaru-ri perimeter as the column got underway. To ease the initial progress of the column, it was necessary to gain the high ground east of the camp which had been held by CCF throughout the siege. The Regiment’s Second Battalion was given the mission and soon won the heights. Prior to the action, it had been reckoned that the Division as a whole would be able to clear Hagaru-ri by nightfall. But fighting along the road had delayed the 7th Regiment and the Division trains, so that the lead elements of the 5th Regiment had still not cleared by dark.
    在陸戰(zhàn)一師從Hagaru-ri到Koto-ri的攻擊戰(zhàn)斗中,陸戰(zhàn)五團負(fù)責(zé)防守整個Hagaru-ri以掩護(hù)主力通過。為了讓先遣車隊通過,有必要占領(lǐng)營地東側(cè)被中共軍隊占領(lǐng)的山林高地。五團二營負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行這個任務(wù),并且很快占據(jù)一些制高點。在行動前,預(yù)計傍晚時分全師可以通過Hagaru-ri。但一路上的戰(zhàn)斗遲滯了陸戰(zhàn)七團和師車隊。導(dǎo)致陸戰(zhàn)五團到夜間也未能撤離。
    Easy Company held ground eastward of the river from a point approximately 700 yards north of the Hagaru-ri bridge around to the bottom of the main hill and back along the railway track for about 200 yards. The right flank of the Company ran along the railway approximately 400 yards east and north of the bridge. Between 1800 and 2000, the Chinese attacked from the high ground toward the bridge with the apparent object of cutting off troops manning the western half of the perimeter. Easy’s rocket team had been so stationed by Capt Sam Jeskilka that it could fire straight up a draw which ran halfway up the hill then forked off into gullys. This was the natural approach from the hill, as it was otherwise barren of cover. The Chinese pressed forward along the alley, and during an attack which persisted in strength for two hours and recurred intermittently through the night, this key feature was defended by rockets.
    E連占據(jù)的高地在河?xùn)|側(cè)約700碼處,Hagaru-ri橋北邊靠近主要山地的山腳,背后離鐵路線大約200碼。連的右翼沿鐵路線400米延伸到橋的東北側(cè)。在18時到20時之間,中國人從山林高地上沖下來,通過橋梁意圖消滅環(huán)形防線西半部的守軍。E連的火箭筒組正好由山姆 杰斯克里卡上尉指揮能夠直接打擊半山腰的溪溝。這里比較靠近山頂,沒有多少植被。中國人沿著小路向上沖,一直持續(xù)了整整2個小時,并且在整個晚上也要反復(fù)沖鋒;鸺彩刈×岁P(guān)鍵陣地。
    On the following morning, CCF pulled back into the hills. Co1 R. L. Murray, commander of the 5th Regiment, and Lt Co1 Hal Roise entered the draw and made a cursory examination of the damage done by the 2.36 fire. There were more than 50 bodies on the ground, scattered anywhere from 20 yards to 200 yards from the launcher position.
    到次日清晨時,中共軍隊被迫退回到山里去。于是,陸戰(zhàn)五團的指揮官R L 馬里上校和哈爾 羅易斯中校草草視察了使用89毫米火箭彈的戰(zhàn)場。發(fā)現(xiàn)沿著火箭筒位置從20碼到200碼的距離上有超過50具尸體。
    Murray’s most amazing comment on the result was that his inspection of bodies convinced him that practically all of the Chinese had died from burns - that WP rounds had set their padded clothing afire. Jeskilka estimated more conservatively that 60 percent of the deaths were due to burns and the rest to concussion and fragmentation. His crew had fired quite a few HEAT rounds from the launchers. Jeskilka said that while the Hagaru-ri affair was Easy’s outstanding use of' the launcher, the Company had become habituated to using it as an anti-personnel weapon at every opportunity. It was therefore normal for the men to have final confidence in it in an extreme emergency.
    馬里對大部分中國人尸體致命傷的檢查結(jié)果十分震驚——這些傷口都是都是由于衣服的燃燒造成的。杰斯克里卡保守估計大約有60%的死者是由于燒傷,其他的則是沖擊震蕩和碎片殺傷。他的部下發(fā)射火箭彈時也有一些被尾焰燒傷。杰斯克里卡說由于在Hagaru-ri中,E連使用火箭筒的效果,這個連現(xiàn)在變得一有機會就用這種對抗步兵目標(biāo)的武器。因此,人們對使用火箭筒有極高的熱情和信心。
    In the November fight against CCF along the Chongchon River, one of the most mobile and aggressively successful defenses conducted anywhere along the American line was the action by Company F, 38th Infantry Regiment. From a detailed and lengthy narrative of this action, the following extract is made to illustrate the effect of one 3.5 round upon the engagement:
    在11月,沿Chongchon河,與中共軍隊的戰(zhàn)斗中,38團F連的戰(zhàn)斗是諸多美軍防線隨處可見的成功融合機動性和進(jìn)攻性防御案例之一。從一份詳細(xì)描述這支部隊?wèi)?zhàn)斗的報告中,如下的描述是一個反應(yīng)了3.5寸火箭筒情況的簡報
    “When the squad on the right flank of 3rd Platoon was withdrawn by Sgt Smith because of the buildup of CCF fire against the nose of the ridge, that action left the machine gun on the left flank of 1st Platoon’s position as the chief block to the enemy’s main advance up the draw. There was a native hut to the right and forward of the machine gun. Lt Lemuel English, who was in command of 1st Platoon, had one of his BAR men, PFC Cleo Wachel, dug in right next to the house along the right rear corner. Wachel was thus in line to assist the machine gun in covering the draw, and in fact, as the fight developed, he bore the brunt of the defense. There were sandbags revetting his foxhole. He could deliver a grazing fire right down the gut without unduly exposing himself.
    由于中共軍隊的火力點在山脊前伸處建立起來,3排右翼的那個班在斯密斯中士的指揮下撤退,只留下一挺機槍在1排的左翼阻止敵人的進(jìn)一步進(jìn)攻。在機槍的右前側(cè)有一間小屋。1排排長萊弭爾 英格蘭中士手下有一個巴祖卡發(fā)射手,一等兵克萊奧 瓦徹爾。他在房屋的右后側(cè)挖了一個散兵坑。這樣,瓦徹爾可以協(xié)助機槍手火力覆蓋,事實上,當(dāng)戰(zhàn)斗激烈時,他也一同承受進(jìn)攻的壓力。有一些沙包堆積掩護(hù)了他的散兵坑,這樣他可以在腰以下的高度發(fā)射而不用暴露自己。
    “English deployed three riflemen to the rear of Wachel; they were told to fire in time with Wachel and to cut down any skirmishers making a sneak run toward his position. As the Chinese came up the footpath, Wachel was first to open fire on them. He had to be pretty delicate about it. Some of the GIs from 3rd Platoon had been withdrawing along this same path, and he wasn’t sure that they had all cleared. So, in the darkness, it was a problem to make certain that he was firing on an enemy target.
    英格蘭部屬三名步槍手在瓦徹爾的后側(cè),他們被告知和瓦徹爾一同行動,并且切斷任何迂回瓦徹爾攻擊位置的偷襲行為。當(dāng)中國人開始從小路上沖時,瓦徹爾率先開火。他必須十分小心。3排的其他士兵都從這條路上往上撤,而他不能肯定他們都上來了。特別是在由于晚上。他很難確定是否準(zhǔn)確打中敵人目標(biāo)。
    “The Chinese got to within 25 yards of the BAR. Wachel challenged them, and they opened fire with two tommy guns. Then Wachel let them have a burst. Even so, they did not go flat. Only a few moved at a time, and they came on in short rushes,taking cover behind the rocks or at the far side of the house, but remaining standing. Immediately after the first skirmishers moved up, the Chinese set up a machine gun on the flat ground directly in front of the BAR position. Both Wachel and the riflemen behind him took the gun under fire, but they couldn’t get a clear idea of its position though it was less than 100 yards distant, and it continued to fire away. More of the Chinese worked up to the house and took positions next it, with only the building separating them from Wachel. Grenades began to come in on 1st Platoon’s left flank, but the throwing was inaccurate and the explosions didn’t worry the men. Then WacheI had a sudden idea; he set the house ablaze by firing into the roof. The thatch burned brightly and the scene became well illuminated. Together, the light and the heat drove back the Chinese who had moved in next the house. The machine gun kept firing.
    當(dāng)中國人離巴祖卡只有25碼時,瓦徹爾開火攻擊,而敵人也用兩支湯姆沖鋒槍還擊。然后瓦徹爾發(fā)射了一枚火箭。然而敵人并沒有臥倒,而是持續(xù)沖鋒,又沖了一段后,找?guī)r石掩護(hù),在離房子較遠(yuǎn)的距離,則仍然是站著的。第一波散兵攻擊一開始,中國人就在巴祖卡前面平坦的地方架起了機槍。瓦徹爾和他后面的步槍手用槍還擊,但他們對前方100碼以上的目標(biāo)沒有任何概念。只是持續(xù)開火。越來越多的中國人沖到房屋邊上,并且占據(jù)了這個和瓦徹爾只有一墻之隔的有利位置。手榴彈開始投到1排的左側(cè),只是精度不夠還不足以威脅到他們。這時瓦徹爾有了奇想,他點燃了屋頂。屋頂迅速被燒亮并且照亮了周圍的情況。光和熱驅(qū)退了那些沖到房屋邊的中國人。機槍又開始持續(xù)開火了。
    “In a few minutes, from ground to the rear of the machine gun, the Chinese opened fire with a 60-mm mortar against 1st Platoon’s left flank and the CP position. Very quickly, they unloaded about 20 rounds on this critical area. Lt Stevens, Lt Coleman, Lt Benson, and five enlisted men were hit by the mortar fire. Lt John N. Knight moved one of the Company’s 60 mortars out to the left of the platoon’s line and opened fire on the enemy mortar; for several minutes there was a direct duel between the two pieces, with both crews serving their weapons about equally. Then the Chinese dropped one round right amid the mortar crew. Three men were wounded, and though the tube was not damaged, it ceased fire temporarily. Sitting a little way up the slope from Wachel and the machine gun was Sgt Paul West, with a 3.5 launcher in his lap.
    幾分鐘內(nèi),從開闊地到機槍巢后面,中國人用60毫米迫擊炮打擊1排的左翼和中部防線。很快他們就在這狹窄的地域投下20發(fā)迫擊炮彈。斯蒂文中士,克萊曼中士,拜森中士和其他五名士兵立即中彈負(fù)傷。約翰 N 萊特中士移來一門連直屬的60毫米迫擊炮到排陣地的左外側(cè),開火壓制敵人迫擊炮。雙方炮擊位置互相對射了幾分鐘。隨后中國人的一發(fā)炮彈準(zhǔn)確命中炮位。雖然炮沒有被打壞,不過三名炮兵都負(fù)傷了,直接導(dǎo)致迫擊炮啞火,在瓦徹爾和機槍點后面斜坡上一點點距離是保羅 維斯特中士,他的手邊正好有一具3.5寸火箭筒。
    
網(wǎng)友評論(15102007)2013-02-21 18:10


    He had been watching the action, but so far had taken no part in it. So he raised the launcher and let. go one rocket,. His first round hit the Chinese mortar dead on - at 225 yards range. It was the luckiest kind of a fluke shot. That cooled off the enemy force attncking up the draw. When the mortar and crew were knocked out, their machine gun went silent. The pressure was then deflected to an entirely new quarter.”
    他觀察了整個過程,但并沒有參加戰(zhàn)斗。于是他舉起火箭筒,發(fā)射了一枚火箭彈。第一輪就命中了225碼遠(yuǎn)的中國人迫擊炮位。十分幸運的射擊。這直接壓制了敵人的進(jìn)攻。隨著迫擊炮和迫擊炮組被敲掉。他們的機槍也沉寂下來。壓力緩解了一刻鐘。
    l In the defense of Hagaru-ri, Company I, 1st Marine Regiment, knocked out two Hotchkiss machine guns at 150 yards range, using the 3.5 launcher at night. One other gun was knocked out at somewhat shorter range. The crew commented that they had to light> matches to set the sights on the launcher. They said that luminous sights are badly needed for night operations.
    在Hagaru-ri的防御中,陸戰(zhàn)1團I連在夜間150碼的距離上用3.5寸火箭筒敲掉兩挺哈開斯奇重機槍(可能是日制6.5mm三年式重機槍)。還有一挺是在近一些的距離上;鸺彩衷u價說,他們只有劃亮火柴來照亮火箭筒,而在夜間行動中,這樣的亮光是十分需要的。
    
    
    勃朗寧輕機槍
    
    中流砥柱
    在朝鮮一般的步兵戰(zhàn)斗中,勃朗寧輕機槍甚至比機槍更多地用來構(gòu)建火力支撐點,其他步兵武器可在它周圍展開行動,部隊一致表達(dá)了這種看法。對勃朗寧機槍所發(fā)揮作用的充分肯定不僅僅來自對連級規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗的書面分析報告,將士們同樣也有他們自己的評價。他們坦言,勃朗寧機槍是他們行動的主發(fā)條,無論是它的移動還是射擊,只要有它出現(xiàn),就會給步兵隊伍帶來新的活力。
    第八集團軍上上下下對勃朗寧輕機槍的贊賞重新肯定了二戰(zhàn)歐洲、太平洋戰(zhàn)場中使用同一種武器的經(jīng)驗。使這種反映更值得注意的是勃朗寧輕機槍在朝鮮的行動中比在二戰(zhàn)中故障率明顯要高,原因稍后解釋。即使這樣,普通步兵對這種自動步槍的信任也絲毫未減。它仍被認(rèn)為是“不可缺少的”,士兵們一聽到它最終將被別的某種武器取代就不寒而栗。他們不敢想象:沒了它該怎么辦。
    勃朗寧輕機槍之所以被看作是戰(zhàn)斗中的中流砥柱,就是因為朝鮮復(fù)雜多變的地形狀況極大的妨礙了重機槍發(fā)揮作用。中共士兵是出色的機槍手,他們使用這種武器比其它武器都要老練。他們的射擊持久穩(wěn)定;雖然他們的機槍型號五花八門,但他們有保養(yǎng)機槍的訣竅;在進(jìn)攻時,他們攜帶機槍到非常靠前的地方;此外,由于他們很善于將自己隱蔽在灌木叢和巖壁后面,因此在他們接近目標(biāo)時仍難以被發(fā)現(xiàn)。報告中有很多中共軍隊的機槍在30—40碼的射程內(nèi)壓制我方陣地時仍保持隱蔽的例子。要用我們自己的機槍反擊這種火力,通常就需要帶著它們到很靠前的地方,在搬運過程中和放置后不久就會發(fā)生機槍組人員的意外死亡。我們的機槍組在移動和放置機槍的過程中太容易暴露了。勃朗寧輕機槍是小得多的目標(biāo),而且它的單人操作者兼具勇敢和必要的隱蔽性,因此是我軍主要的反擊手段。
    
    
    
    THE BAR
    THE MAINSTAY
    Under the conditions of the average infantry fight in Korea, the BAR, even more than the machine gun, provides the fire base around which the action of other infantry weapons builds up and the force expresses itself unitedly.
    It is not alone the case that analysis of company operations warrants this appreciation of the weapon; the men also make this estimate of its effectiveness; they state frankly that it is the mainspring of their action, and that wherever the BAR moves and fires, it gives fresh impulse to the rifle line.
    Appreciation of the BAR within Eighth Army therefore reaffirms experience with the same weapon in World War II operations both in the Pacific and in Europe.What makes this reaction all the more noteworthy is that there has been a markedly higher incidence of failure by the BAR in Korean operations than in World War II jighting,for reasons which will be explained later. Even so, there is no diminishing of general infantry confidence in the effectiveness of the automatic rifle. It is still considered “indispensable” and troops shudder at any suggestion that it might ultimately be replaced by some other weapon. They cannot imagine having to get along without it.
    The reason that the BAR is rated as the mainstay of the fire base is because of the greatly modifying influence of the Korean terrain upon the utility of the machine gun. The CCF are good machine gunners; they are more expert in their employment of this weapon than in all else; they are persistent; their guns are of every type under the sun; even so, they have the knack of keeping them going; in the attack, they bring the gun in very close; but they are good at concealment behind brush, thicket, and rock ledge, and therefore the close-in target remains very elusive. The record contains many examples of CCF machine guns bearing on our positions at 30-40 yards range and continuing unseen. To counter this fire with one of our own machine guns usually necessitates bringing it far forward, with consequent sudden death, either in transit or soon after placement. Our MG crews are far more obvious in moving and in setting up. The BAR, which is a lesser target and usually has as its operator an individual who combines boldness with a requisite stealth, is therefore the main counteragent.
    
    
    
    由于迫擊炮的射程過遠(yuǎn),而手榴彈的投擲距離又很有限,因此勃朗寧輕機槍的火力也就成了對付狙擊手冷槍的最有效火力。如果一名勃朗寧輕機槍手表現(xiàn)正常的話,對付在局部出現(xiàn)的某一狙擊手,他的射擊火力會比五六支步槍所形成的散亂火力有更強的壓制效果。
    勃朗寧輕機槍手通常是節(jié)約彈藥的模范。他們不會神經(jīng)過敏、亂扣扳機,只有局勢真正需要的時候他們才打連發(fā)?赡苣銜X得這事難以琢磨,但勃朗寧輕機槍在朝鮮的表現(xiàn)一向是最為卓越的,這一點也是有案可查的。
    在防御時,機槍通常被用來覆蓋對面的平緩山地或其他對敵人實現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)術(shù)意圖有利的通道。因為,當(dāng)敵人展開進(jìn)攻時,即使最初他們沒有利用那一有利地形,但來自那片區(qū)域的威脅(敵軍的進(jìn)攻)差不多是經(jīng)常性的,所以,對機槍的使用也就基本固定在那里了。
    不過,在敵人的進(jìn)攻面前,我們的防御也不是靜止不變的。隨著敵軍的進(jìn)攻給我們防線造成的壓力的改變,我們會相應(yīng)的對防線進(jìn)行收縮和伸展;而為了對付來自一個新的進(jìn)攻點的威脅,我們也會對人員和裝備進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整和調(diào)動。
    在這種戰(zhàn)斗形勢瞬息萬變的驚濤駭浪之中,勃朗寧輕機槍是起到定海神針作用的關(guān)鍵武器。一旦步兵防線在一點被壓彎,勃朗寧輕機槍就會被派往那里穩(wěn)固局勢。如果負(fù)責(zé)正面攔阻的機槍受到敵人通過射擊盲區(qū)對它進(jìn)行翼側(cè)合圍的威脅,勃朗寧輕機槍的火力常常能封閉機槍的火力死角,拯救機槍組于危難之中。在掃蕩敵人的時候,勃朗寧輕機槍是壓制散兵坑的主要武器。在防御中需要建立堅強的前哨陣地時,勃朗寧輕機槍也當(dāng)仁不讓。
    BAR fire is also the chief depressant of sniper fire delivered from ranges which are too close in for the mortars and too far out for the grenade. One man with a BAR, if he is the right man, will have a stronger neutralizing effect upon a local sniper-infested area than the random fire of five or six riflemen. Almost invariably, BAR men are exemplary in their conservation of ammunition. They do not have nervous fingers; they sustain fire only when the situation truly demands it. Why this is so is something of a mystery; it is recorded here as fact because the BAR record in Korea is one of consistently strong performance by the operators.
    On defense, the machine gun will usually be sited to cover a draw, the gentlest hill facing, or some other avenue of approach which seems particularly favorable to the enemy purpose. Because, as the attack develops, the threat from that quarter will continue more or less constant, even though the enemy does not initially take advantage of it, the employment of the machine gun is more or less rigid.
    But under attack, the defensive dispositions seldom remain static; the lines contract and expand as the pressure changes; men and weapons are shifted as an excess of danger threatens from a new point. The BAR is the pivotal weapon in this eddying of the tactical situation. Should the rifle line begin to bend at one point, the BARS are sent there to stabilize it. If the machine gun, stopping the enemy frontally, is threatened by flankers circling toward it over dead ground, BAR fire is used to cover the corners and save the gun. During the mop-up, it is the main weapon for neutralizing foxholes; when, on defense, strong out-posting is required, the BAR is also given that assignment.
    
    
    
    增加數(shù)量
    在朝鮮的絕大部分步兵和指揮官認(rèn)為,如果給步兵連配發(fā)雙倍的勃朗寧輕機槍,同時相應(yīng)減少M1裝備步槍的士兵,那么它的戰(zhàn)斗力將大大增強。這么做并不會給該聯(lián)隊的負(fù)載增加令人苦惱的負(fù)擔(dān)。做出這種改變的最后一個理由是它會使這個步兵連的攻防力量平衡更加完善。
    AUGMENTATION
    In the view of the great majority of infantry troops and commanders in Korea, the fighting strength of the infantry company would be greatly increased by doubling the number of BARS, while reducing the number of Ml carriers proportionately.This could be done without adding an upsetting burden to the company load. The final argument for the change is that it would make more perfect the balancing of offensive-defensive strength within the infantry company.
    
    
    迫擊炮族
    
    我軍迫擊炮族的整體表現(xiàn)卓越。這幾種迫擊炮能夠充分地服務(wù)于戰(zhàn)術(shù)意圖。所有這三種口徑——4.2英寸,81mm和60mm的迫擊炮都得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。在由朝鮮地形所造成的各種環(huán)境中,每一種口徑的迫擊炮在支援火力的合理規(guī)劃中都扮演了獨特的角色。
    比起二戰(zhàn)中我軍的軍事行動,在朝鮮的步兵戰(zhàn)斗中可能更典型化地體現(xiàn)為激烈的迫擊炮戰(zhàn)。步兵指揮官們了解了更多迫擊炮的相關(guān)知識,也比以前更有把握發(fā)揮迫擊炮的全部潛能。
    朝鮮——無窮無盡、層巒疊嶂的崇山峻嶺——是迫擊炮大顯身手的天然舞臺。因為中國敵人在夜襲中努力于近距離壓制我方陣地,而當(dāng)我軍知曉敵軍發(fā)動進(jìn)攻時,敵軍散兵線已經(jīng)隱蔽起來預(yù)防我軍炮擊了,所以迫擊炮就被賦予了多種多樣的決定性射擊任務(wù)。
    限制迫擊炮在戰(zhàn)斗中發(fā)揮作用的主要因素通常是彈藥不足而非運用生疏。每一級指揮官都能充分了解迫擊炮的作用。
    產(chǎn)生這種限制因素的原因已經(jīng)很清楚了。步兵營,某些時候是個別的步兵連,堅守陣地,要在主抵抗線上與其他部隊的分遣隊保持聯(lián)系。這支部隊可能在其最近的支援單位左右1500~000碼,支援它的野戰(zhàn)炮兵前2000~4000碼的地方。這支部隊的陣地通常位于前線的山頂或山脊,或位于能掩護(hù)河床和公路的一夫當(dāng)關(guān)、萬夫莫開的隘口。最近的補給站要將補給送上這些山頭,也必須進(jìn)行長途拖運。因此,由于彈藥裝載量的限制,被投入戰(zhàn)場的是威力多少有些小的60mm迫擊炮。如果81mm迫擊炮也被前送,那么一般情況下它們將會短缺彈藥。
    通常60mm迫擊炮的陣地位于我軍高地反斜面的洼地或山腳下。在防御時,通常在指揮所附近設(shè)置迫擊炮群。在進(jìn)攻時,當(dāng)我軍尖兵向地平線前進(jìn)時,需要在洼地或山溝尋找一處接近地平線的陣地以隱蔽迫擊炮。當(dāng)進(jìn)攻局部陣地時,中共軍隊幾乎從不使用從后方全力沖擊的戰(zhàn)術(shù),他們習(xí)慣于沿正面或側(cè)翼的緩坡(特別是覆蓋著樹木和灌木叢的緩坡)發(fā)動進(jìn)攻。因此,對我方連隊的伴隨迫擊炮最主要威脅是敵方迫擊炮的火力。
    然而無論將迫擊炮配置在作戰(zhàn)半徑內(nèi)還是大部隊的后方,較重型的迫擊炮總能從遠(yuǎn)距離支援作戰(zhàn)。由于朝鮮是個多丘陵的國度,而且敵人缺乏空中支援和強大炮兵,這便是一項實實在在的火力優(yōu)勢。
    對方的炮兵如果給我軍的迫擊炮帶來危險,步槍防線后數(shù)百碼內(nèi)也總是有可隱蔽地架起迫擊炮的地方。常常出現(xiàn)這種情況:只要地面最適合安置迫擊炮,能以水平視角向敵軍占據(jù)的山頭發(fā)射炮彈,且在敵軍發(fā)射子彈的火器的有效射程之外,81mm迫擊炮和4.2英寸迫擊炮就大膽地架設(shè)在空曠地。
    81mm迫擊炮,4.2英寸迫擊炮,75mm無后坐力炮,有時包括多用途防空武器,在一個炮兵群內(nèi)從同一位置向一個寬大目標(biāo)實施集火射擊,這種情況也不少見。這是在白天的戰(zhàn)斗中為進(jìn)攻提供支援的火力配置方式。這種緊密協(xié)同的合同射擊中各武器的激烈競爭往往導(dǎo)致彈藥的過度消耗。
    
    
    
    MORTARS
    THE FAMILY
    The general performance by the family of mortars has been excellent. The several mortars serve the tactical need quite adequately. All three -the 4.2, 81-mm, and 60-mm - are given extensive use. Under the conditions imposed by the Korean terrain, each type has its particular role in the development of a balanced program of supporting fires.
    Strong mortar action is perhaps more generally characteristic of the pattern of infantry fighting in Korea than of our operations during World War II. Infantry commanders have greater awareness of the mortar and are more likely to make full use of the mortar potential than previously.
    Korea - being an unending complex of steep hills and sharp-faced ridges -is natural mortar country. Because the Chinese enemy in the night attack endeavors to smother the position at close range and his attacking line is frequently in defilade to our artillery fires by the time the attack is sensed, the mortars are given a wide variety of decisive fire missions.The limiting factor in mortar operation is usually the availability of ammunition rather than a failure at any command level to appreciate what the mortars can do.
    Why this is so is readily seen. The battalions, and sometimes separate infantry companies, hold ground in relative detachment from other components of the MLR.
    The unit may be 1500-3000 yards from its closest support on right and left and 2000-4000 yards forward of the supporting field artillery. Its position will usually be a hilltop or a ridge crest, if it is in the front line, or a defile covering a stream bed or roadway, if it is “blocking.” The hilltops are a long haul from the nearest supply point; the distance can be covered only by human carriers. Consequently, the 60-mm mortars are carried into the ground somewhat light as to ammunition load. If the 81s are also taken forward, in the average situation their ammunition, too, will be in short supply.
    The usual 60-mm position is in a draw on the rearward slope of the friendly hill or at the base of it. On defense, the mortars customarily set up approximate to the CP. In the attack, they seek a position in defilade in a draw or ridge fold somewhere short of the skyline against which the rifle point is advancing. CCF almost never press an attack on the local ground in such way as to make a main impingement on the rear; habitually, they either attack from the front or from the flank via the gentlest slope (particularly if it is covered with tree and underbrush). In consequence, the main threat to the mortars which close with the company is the enemy mortar fire.
    But however the unit is armed as to mortars operating from directly within the perimeter or setting up on the heels of the body in the attack, the heavier mortars are generally able to support the action from a distance. This is one of the very genuine fire advantages deriving from the hilliness of Korea and the enemy’s lack of air support and a competent artillery.
    Within a few hundred yards to rear of the rifle line, there is always ground where the mortars can set up in defilade, if there is any danger from counter battery.Frequently, the situation is such that the 81s and 4.2s set up boldly in the open, wherever the ground is best for emplacing, and fire away in plain sight of the enemy-heid hill, out of practical range of his bullet-firing weapons.
    It is not unusual to see the 81s, 4.2s, 75 recoilless, and sometimes the AA multiple-mount weapons all firing in battery from the same location against one broad target -this in support of the attack during daylight operations. The highly competitive aspects of this combined firing in close juncture tend to develop excessive expenditures.
    嚴(yán)寒中的破損
    “在朝鮮的步兵戰(zhàn)術(shù)說明”這份文件已經(jīng)涵蓋了這個課題的很多細(xì)節(jié)。當(dāng)氣溫在0℃ 到32℃之間時,迫擊炮操作狀態(tài)良好,沒有什么特別嚴(yán)重的問題:地面仍有充分的彈性能緩沖對底盤的沖擊力,升降螺絲桿也沒有過度松動或磨損。當(dāng)氣溫在-10℃到 -30℃之間時,情況就變得嚴(yán)峻了,如果迫擊炮長時間以高速率發(fā)射,撞針還有特別是底盤的破損率就會使迫擊炮報廢。除了陸戰(zhàn)一師在長津湖戰(zhàn)役中的資料,我們在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗經(jīng)驗中沒有廣泛的基本資料以進(jìn)行這種對比。
    長津湖戰(zhàn)役是迫擊炮長時間(12~14天)在零度以下的環(huán)境過度發(fā)射的唯一冬季戰(zhàn)役?偟膩碚f,各型迫擊炮的耐用性在朝鮮冬季戰(zhàn)役的過程中經(jīng)受住了考驗。在陸戰(zhàn)一師,士兵們并沒有抱怨過迫擊炮的報廢記錄;盡管戰(zhàn)役結(jié)束后,大多數(shù)迫擊炮不得不整體或部分更換,雖然這一事實提醒我們備用零件的儲備是在零度以下開展軍事行動的先決條件,將士們依然覺得這并不反映出三種口徑迫擊炮中的任何一種缺乏耐用性。他們坦承高破損率是嚴(yán)寒條件下的過度發(fā)射所造成的,而不是因為武器結(jié)構(gòu)存在什么缺陷。
    BREAKAGE IN EXTREME COLD
    This subject is covered in some detail in the document, “Notes on Infantry Tactics in Korea.”During operations in temperatures ranging between 0℃ and 32℃, the mortars stand up well, and there are no extraordinary problems; the ground is still sufficiently yielding to cushion the shock to the base plates, and there is no undue loosening and wearing of the elevating screws. In temperatures ranging between -10℃ and -30℃, this condition appears to alter radically, and if the mortars are fired for prolonged periods at a high rate, the rate of breakage in firing pins and particularly in base plates becomes disabling to operations. Other than the data from the 1st Marine Division during the Chosen Reservoir operation, there is no broad basis from the Korean experience for the making of this comparison.
    This was the only winter campaign wherein the mortars were fired excessively for prolonged periods (12-14 days) under sub-zero conditions. Over-all, the durability of the mortars in all sizes was well attested during the course of Korean winter operations. Troops had no complaint on this score; within the 1st Marine Division; despite the fact that most of the mortars had to be replaced in whole or in part when the operation was completed, the commanders and crews felt that this did not reflect a lack of serviceability in any of the three weapons, though it did warn that a surplus of spare parts was a prerequisite for sub-zero operations. They said frankly that the rate of breakdown was due to excessive firing in extreme cold rather than to any fault in the structure.
    
    
    
    4.2英寸迫擊炮
    這種武器在朝鮮的步兵戰(zhàn)斗中像馱馬一樣任勞任怨。沒有任何一種更新式的武器被應(yīng)用于更廣泛的用途或在部隊中贏得了更多的寵愛。士兵們眾口一詞地表達(dá)了對它的熱愛。4.2英寸迫擊炮既精確又耐用;它的一次炮擊具有和一發(fā)105mm炮彈轟擊相當(dāng)?shù)臎_擊力;在連續(xù)執(zhí)行任務(wù)和顯著緩解緊急情況方面,它可能比步兵團中其他任何武器作用都大。一大批營長、團長評論到:他們希望看到步兵團里配備雙倍的4.2英寸迫擊炮,并覺得由此帶來的戰(zhàn)斗力增長,在任何地形和氣候條件下都絕不會僅僅證明增加這點負(fù)擔(dān)是必要的,(它必然會產(chǎn)生更多的戰(zhàn)術(shù)價值)。在古土里防御戰(zhàn)中廣泛使用4.2英寸迫擊炮之后,劉易斯 普勒上校作了如下評論:真是完美武器。我們有敏捷而訓(xùn)練有素的迫擊炮組,他們讓八門迫擊炮同時開火,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們可以在第一枚炮彈爆炸之前向空中打出96發(fā)炮彈。
    THE 4.2
    This weapon is the workhorse of infantry operations in Korea. None of the
    other relatively new weapons has been put to more general usage or found greater favor among troops. The enthusiasm for it is unanimous. The 4.2 is accurate and sturdy; the round packs as much wallop as a 105-mm shell; for continuity of performance, and visible impact upon an emergency situation, it is valued perhaps more highly than any other weapon within the infantry regiment. A number of battalion and regimental commanders commented that they would like to see twice as many 4.2s within the infantry regiment, and that they felt that the gain in fighting power, under almost any condition of terrain and climate, would more than justify the added burden. This comment was made by Co1 Lewis Puller, after extensive use of the 4.2 in the defense of Koto-ri: “It is a beautiful weapon. With a fast and well-trained crew and with all eight mortars firing, we found it possible to put 96 rounds in the air before the first one burst.”
    
    
    
    81mm迫擊炮
    在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的歷次戰(zhàn)役中,這種迫擊炮如特洛伊城的衛(wèi)兵一般守護(hù)著我軍陣地。在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗里,它發(fā)射的照明彈在有限的補給消耗殆盡之前效果特別良好。因為一般的連級陣地缺乏60mm照明彈的補給,所以81mm照明彈就要執(zhí)行比在二戰(zhàn)時更多的任務(wù)。81mm迫擊炮照明彈為抵御夜襲的步兵連提供近距離火力支援時,可能比155mm炮彈更加有用,因為后者制造的光圈覆蓋的面積太大,為進(jìn)攻者提供了某些便利。
    下面這個典型的戰(zhàn)報摘錄涉及1951年2月進(jìn)攻440高地時實施81mm迫擊炮火力的情況。這支部隊是第27團的重火器連。指揮官弗蘭克 L. 迪特里希中尉的記述如下:“我們在2月4日16點45分進(jìn)入陣地,在那一晚并沒有開火。在2月5日4點30分,我收到在我們右翼的第35團遭受敵軍進(jìn)攻的消息。為了支援第35團,我們向高地發(fā)射了155發(fā)炮彈。我們地圖上的數(shù)據(jù)相當(dāng)精確,彈著誤差不超過100碼。天亮以后不久,我們開始射擊以支援第3營(第27團的第3營正在從左翼沿著山脈走向進(jìn)攻440高地)。我們不停地向2800—3000碼遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)射擊。在那個白天,我們一共打了500發(fā)炮彈,用彈藥運送車補給了兩次,消耗了可載重1噸拖車載彈量的3/4。其中,57發(fā)是白磷彈;兩次齊射的效果都很糟;還有七八發(fā)臭彈。由于校正機損壞,我們也有幾次啞火。在這次戰(zhàn)斗中, L連的SCR 300電臺出了故障;我們改用營里的有線網(wǎng)絡(luò),直到另一部無線電臺在那里恢復(fù)工作。否則,那將是一次理想的射擊——盡善盡美。這個炮兵連里有一門炮參與了朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)以來所有的戰(zhàn)役。”
    在這個戰(zhàn)例中,81mm迫擊炮被用來轟擊440高地中央的敵軍步兵群,以其火力覆蓋沿著山勢通向敵軍后方的狹窄的石頭路。當(dāng)美軍發(fā)展攻勢時,4.2英寸迫擊炮被用來向高地發(fā)射煙霧彈。M16半履帶式自行高射機槍與81mm迫擊炮的發(fā)射陣地基本相同,但其活動射角要大得多,可通過修正諸元使其彈著保持在我軍先頭散兵前約50碼。這種高射機槍既可執(zhí)行4.2英寸迫擊炮發(fā)射煙霧彈的任務(wù),也可執(zhí)行81mm迫擊炮發(fā)射高爆彈的任務(wù)
    那天的天氣完全適合使用煙霧彈。出現(xiàn)了預(yù)期的煙云效果,煙霧停留在山脊上很長時間。步兵需要30分鐘掩護(hù)沖擊距離的煙幕,這一措施對于減弱隱藏在440高地巖壁上的中共軍隊掩體內(nèi)的機槍火力很有效果。但在所有武器沖出煙幕之前,這些煙幕只掩護(hù)了沖擊距離的一小半。這位指揮官談到這個問題“這都是由于缺乏經(jīng)驗。我們在一開始,甚至在我軍尖兵進(jìn)入合適的位置之前,放了太多的煙霧彈。我信任煙霧彈的使用價值,特別是它在進(jìn)攻中的使用價值。但這次是我來到這個戰(zhàn)區(qū)以后第一次用迫擊炮發(fā)射它。因此,我削減了迫擊炮彈藥的供應(yīng)量,結(jié)果當(dāng)需要使用它們的時候,彈藥就不敷分配了,甚至在必須完成機動的那段時間也是如此!
    THE 81-MM
    This mortar has done trojan service throughout the Korean campaign, and its illuminating round was used with particularly good effect during the Korean fighting until the scant supply petered out. It is given relatively more work than during World War II because of the short supply of 60-mm shell in the average company position.For close support of the infantry company withstanding night attack, the 81 mortar illumination is probably better than the 155-mm artillery shell because the circle of light created by the latter often covers too large an area, yielding some advantage to the attacker.
    This typical extract covers operation of the 81s during the attack on Hill 440 in February 1951. The unit was Heavy Weapons Company of the 27th Regiment. The deSCRIPTion is by Lt Frank L. Dietrich, commanding: “We went into position at 1645 on 4 Feb but we did not fire that night. At 0430 on 5 Feb I got word that the 35th Regiment on our right was under attack. We fired 155 rounds against the Hill in support of the 35th. Our map data was almost exact; it came out within less than 100 yards. Shortly after daylight we began firing in support of the battalion (3rd Battalion of 27th Regiment which was attacking Hill 440 along its length from the left flank). We were firing at’ 2800-3000 yards range. During that day, we fired 500 rounds, resupplying twice with carriers, using 3/4 tons with one-ton trailers. Of this amount, 57 rounds were WP; two salvos were altogether bad; seven or eight other rounds failed. We have also had misfires from breakage of the projector that the charge fits on. During the operation we had one radio failure - the SCR 300 in Love Company; we changed over to the battalion wire net until we got another radio up there. Otherwise, it was perfect fire all the way through - right on the button. There is one barrel in the battery which has served all through the Korean campaign.”
    The 81s in this case were employed to fire against the central mass of Hill 440, covering the narrow, stony passages along the heights and leading back to the enemy’s support area. The 4.2s were used to smoke the hill as the American attack developed. The AA quad-50s, firing from approximately the same ground as the 81s traversed over a much wider arc, adjusting so that their fire kept approximately 50 yards ahead of our most forward skirmishers. The artillery was used both to augment the 4.2 in smoking the hill and further the HE missions of the 81s.
    The atmospheric conditions were just right for the use of smoke. The first cloud effects were promising; the smoke held fairly well to the ridge crest. The infantry needed about 30 minutes of smoke to cover the distance with relative immunity to the CCF machine guns firing from bunkers tucked away among 440’s rocky ledges. But they had bounded not more than half the distance before all weapons ran out of smoke. The commander said this about it: “It was all due to lack of practice. We laid the smoke on too heavy in the beginning even before we had moved into the right area.I believe in the use of smoke, particularly in the attack. But this was the first time I’ve used it - with mortars - for screening since I’ve been in the Theater. Consequently the mortars had cut down on the amount they carry for our support, and when called on to use it, they couldn’t apportion it, evenly, according to the time required to work out the maneuver.”
    
    
    建議采取的改進(jìn)措施:
    為改進(jìn)81mm迫擊炮,使其在步兵團中發(fā)揮更大的戰(zhàn)術(shù)校能,多位指揮官提出了如下意見:
    ?盡一切辦法減輕重量,以增強其越野機動性;
    ?改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu),使長炮管可拆解更換為短炮管,這樣就可以在保留強大的近程沖擊力的同時減輕負(fù)重;
    ?分段鑄造底盤,使負(fù)重均勻分布;
    ?改進(jìn)升降螺絲桿的冶煉或設(shè)計,升降螺絲桿的損壞和迅速磨損現(xiàn)在是這種武器主要的結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷。
    SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS
    Among the suggestions put forward by various commanders for modifying the 81-mm so as to make it more useful to the infantry regiment there were the following:
    ? Lighten it in “any manner possible” to increase its cross-country mobility.
    ??Build it so that it could be broken down from a long barrel to a short barrel, thus making a lighter pack possible while preserving its heavy punch at the short ranges.
    ? Sectionalize the base plate so that the load can be distributed.
    ??Alter metallurgically or in design the elevating screw, the breaking and rapid wearing of which is now the chief structural weakness in the weapon.
    
    
    
    
    60mm迫擊炮
    60mm迫擊炮有幾種型號的彈藥性能不可靠,這種武器在朝鮮的軍事行動中所受的主要批評都是因此而起。1951年1月在臨津江畔試射60mm照明彈時,第25步兵師發(fā)現(xiàn)這種彈藥的35%存在缺陷。這些照明彈能飛出炮管,但不能發(fā)光。
    11月的會戰(zhàn)中,在更寒冷的環(huán)境下,陸戰(zhàn)1師在古土里和下碣隅里戰(zhàn)斗中發(fā)射這些照明彈,80%到90%的炮彈照明效果都很糟。
    60mm白磷彈的表現(xiàn)也劣跡斑斑。在報告中,60mm白磷彈比81mm白磷彈出的故障要多。在冬季的軍事行動中,即使保守地說,每5發(fā)60mm白磷彈中也至少有1發(fā)臭彈。
    THE 60-MM
    The unreliability of 60-mm ammunition in several types is the cause of chief criticism of the weapon in Korean operations.
    In test firing of the 60 illuminating shell along the Imjin River in January 1951, the 25th Infantry Division found that the ammunition was approximately 35 percent defective. The round would leave the tube but would not produce a light.
    Firing in combat, under more extreme cold, the 1st Marine Division at Koto-ri and Hagaru-ri got 80 to 90 percent negative results with the same round in the November battle.
    The WP round has also performed spottily; more failures are reported with the 60 than with the 81 WP. It is conservative to say that during winter operations at least one in every five WP 60-mm rounds failed.
    
    
    手榴彈
    
    主要武器之一
    格蘭特的部隊在維克斯堡戰(zhàn)役中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了手榴彈的價值,與之相似,由于朝鮮的地勢,敵軍對手榴彈的使用也要求我們用這種武器回敬他們,朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中手榴彈的重要性在不斷增長。幾乎毫無例外,所有在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中都有手榴彈的使用。與消耗的手榴彈數(shù)目相比,美軍在朝鮮使用手榴彈的方式與一戰(zhàn)或二戰(zhàn)中的使用方式別無二致,(毫無進(jìn)步)。
    因此,我軍在訓(xùn)練方面準(zhǔn)備不足。在早些時候,對手榴彈和槍榴彈的評價都偏低;極少有投彈專家準(zhǔn)備好了去訓(xùn)練他人;在班里,士兵們不知道怎么組織一個投彈組,系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)地投彈;對手榴彈的供給缺乏或根本沒有管理,這導(dǎo)致了巨大的浪費。通過從實戰(zhàn)檢驗和失誤中學(xué)到的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),上述局面已經(jīng)逐漸改善。
    總之,手榴彈是當(dāng)前戰(zhàn)斗中的主要武器之一,但是我軍的訓(xùn)練卻從沒有預(yù)料到這樣的情勢。不幸的是,從差不多自1918年以來這種武器的訓(xùn)練記錄來看,我軍練習(xí)投彈時幾乎把全部精力都用于準(zhǔn)備塹壕襲擊戰(zhàn)和清除障礙物,(而忽略了其他方面)!凹热灰粋普通美國人都知道怎么扔石頭,那么把大量精力投入到手榴彈技術(shù)上只是浪費訓(xùn)練時間”,近年來,受到這種理論或多或少的影響,我們繼續(xù)沿著老路走下去,(缺乏創(chuàng)新)。
    因此,雖然49% 的美國士兵有良好的臂力可用于投擲,我們的投彈戰(zhàn)術(shù)卻在很大程度上只能算是普普通通,盡管到處都有偶爾的出色表現(xiàn)。
    在高低起伏的山地國家,投彈的實際效果與對付一個塹壕體系或加強的灌木籬墻沒什么不同。在這種地形下,敵方存在射擊盲區(qū),這個區(qū)域可以為爆破手提供保護(hù)。一個膂力強勁的投彈手可以肅清前方20—35碼遠(yuǎn)的所有地域。當(dāng)他抬起身體投擲手榴彈的時候,他所在小組的同伴可為他提供掩護(hù)。他能通過接力傳送的方式得到補給。在手榴彈爆炸的掩護(hù)下,這個小組可趁機躍進(jìn)。這個程序并不復(fù)雜,但必須組織好人員去實現(xiàn)它,它成功與否與關(guān)鍵人員的選擇聯(lián)系緊密。在白天進(jìn)攻順著山脊延伸的塹壕陣地時,在戰(zhàn)術(shù)上除了接近敵軍防線上最近的缺口之外沒什么別的東西。即使這樣,我軍步兵在山頂?shù)膽?zhàn)斗中仍然沒有廣泛應(yīng)用這種方法,因為他們中沒有人被教授過。僅僅在偶爾的情況下,某個有靈感的下級軍官或某個行動堅決的班憑經(jīng)驗實施了這種戰(zhàn)術(shù)并發(fā)現(xiàn)它的確有效。
    在夜間防御中,有效使用手榴彈本來可以在對付中共軍隊的早期戰(zhàn)役中給美軍以極大的利益。中國人把自己當(dāng)成了擲彈兵;他們也幻想:美軍被這種武器嚇破了膽,手榴彈能嚴(yán)重挫傷美軍的士氣(這是從十一月的會戰(zhàn)中繳獲的中共軍隊秘密文件得知的,這份文件是關(guān)于在進(jìn)攻中的武器使用的,它絕對地陳述了那些看法。敵人的戰(zhàn)術(shù)完全遵循這些教條也證實了這一點)。但是正如在早先的戰(zhàn)斗中一次次地證明的那樣,敵人的這兩條都錯了。中共士兵作為投手臂力孱弱,在身體上并不適合攻擊性地使用這種武器。我軍士兵曾輕蔑地劃線標(biāo)記中國人的(輕木柄型)手榴彈的投擲距離。
    敵人的這些戰(zhàn)術(shù)選擇,再加上他們?nèi)狈?zhí)行它們的天賦,本來可以在隨之而來的依靠臂力交鋒的戰(zhàn)斗中給與我們一項寶貴的優(yōu)勢。要是我軍士兵曾準(zhǔn)備過這種戰(zhàn)斗,為此進(jìn)行過訓(xùn)練, 了解開始和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)斗時如何補給,(他們就能夠取得這種優(yōu)勢)。然而實際情況卻不是這樣。的確,對于任何一種武器,如果只對它進(jìn)行一般地、膚淺地而不是堅強有力、富有想象力的訓(xùn)練,士兵們就會低估它潛在的戰(zhàn)斗價值,忽視“未與敵軍接觸時應(yīng)節(jié)約彈藥”的原則,而且,在戰(zhàn)斗開始后不能迅速領(lǐng)會如何根據(jù)形勢使用武器。除非戰(zhàn)士們特別接受過投彈教學(xué),他們便不能以投彈手的思維考慮問題。迄今為止在約30年的時間里,陸軍低估了系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行投彈訓(xùn)練的價值和在每個步兵連里配備數(shù)名投彈專家的極度必要性。在朝鮮,我們不得不為這項疏忽付出代價。
    當(dāng)我軍與中共軍隊交戰(zhàn)時,他們從未準(zhǔn)備好在近距離內(nèi)換用不同武器。槍榴彈發(fā)射器早早被丟棄。在行進(jìn)間,士兵們粗心大意地投光了手榴彈。需要在該地重新使用手榴彈時,再教導(dǎo)該連“節(jié)約彈藥以便發(fā)現(xiàn)合適目標(biāo)時能及時投擲,而不要在空曠地上炸出一聲巨響!币呀(jīng)太遲,不能保證在夜間防御中自始至終都能有效地使用手榴彈了。如何使手榴彈和子彈形成合成火力,士兵們知道得很少或根本不知道。給臂力強勁和活躍的投手分配較多的手榴彈,可能會對該連取得最好的結(jié)果有利,但我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種情況。所有對手榴彈的使用都是不協(xié)調(diào)的、隨意的。
    未接受過投彈訓(xùn)練的下級軍官在夜戰(zhàn)中不能認(rèn)清戰(zhàn)術(shù)形勢,不能根據(jù)形勢下達(dá)使用照明槍榴彈、手榴彈和近距離殺傷彈的命令。因此,他們也就沒有急迫地要求上級提供這些彈藥。等到士兵們開始了解到這些可能使用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)手段并臨時準(zhǔn)備使自己的投彈發(fā)揮更大的效力的方法時,數(shù)周時間已經(jīng)過去了。
    從朝鮮戰(zhàn)役中得到的主要教訓(xùn)之一是:陸軍應(yīng)當(dāng)恢復(fù)投彈教學(xué),并以和一戰(zhàn)時差不多的方式促進(jìn)士兵在服役期間系統(tǒng)地、明智地掌握這種武器。
    
    
    
    GRENADES
    ONE OF THE MAIN WEAPONS
    As happened with Grant’s troops in the Vicksburg campaign, the hand grenade has become of ever-increasing importance in the Korean fighting because the ground and the enemy’s use of it necessitated a return to this weapon. Practically without exception, all in-fighting in Korea is attended by hand-grenade action. In comparison to the numbers engaged, use of the hand grenade by American troops in Korea is manifold what it was in either World War I or II.
    For this our forces were ill-prepared in point of training; in the early stages, appreciation of the usefulness of the grenade (both hand and rifle) was at a low ebb; there were few specialists at hand who were prepared to coach others; within the squad, men did not know how to organize as a grenade team for the systematic bombing-out of ground; there was little or no control over grenade supply, which resulted in large wastage. That the situation has gradually improved is due to what has been learned through combat trial and error.
    In sum, the grenade is one of the main weapons of the fighting, but training had never anticipated any such condition, Unfortunately, that has been pretty much the training history of this weapon since 1918, when grenade practice, in anticipation of trench-raid operation and the clearing of traverses, was rather thorough. In more recent years, we have proceeded more or less according to the theory that since an average American knows how to throw a rock, it is a waste of training time to devote any large amount of attention to grenade technique.
    In consequence, though approximately 49 percent of American troops have good throwing arms, our grenade tactics are for the most part mediocre, with just here and there an occasional brilliant performance.
    In its practical effects, grenading in uneven hill country is not unlike going against a trench system or a fortified hedgerow. There is dead space which can be used for the bomber’s protection. One strong-armed thrower can clean out, all ground 20-35 yards to his fore. Part of his team can cover him when he rises to throw. He can be kept supplied by relay. Under cover of the explosion, the group can bound ahead. There is nothing complex about this procedure; but men do have to be organized for it, and its success usually hinges around the selection of the key man. In daylight attack against dug-in positions along the ridge crests, there isn’t anything else in tactics which is more likely to close the last gap. Even so, there is no general application of this method by our infantry in the hilltop fighting because none has been taught. Only now and then an inspired junior leader or a determined squad empirically puts it into effect and discovers that it works.
    In night defense, efficient use of the hand (and rifle) grenade would have given American forces a heavy advantage in the early stages of the campaign against CCF. The Chinese fancy themselves to be grenadiers; also, they were suffering from the illusion that American troops were unduly fearful of this weapon and that it had an extremely demoralizing effect upon them, (This is known because of the capture, during the November battle, of a secret, CCF paper on weapons usage in the attack which categorically stated these propositions, and because the tactics pursued followed this instruction absolutely.) But the enemy was mistaken on both counts, as was proved time and again in the early fighting. The CCF were not physically suited to aggressive use of this weapon, being weak-armed throwers. Our troops had toward the Chinese grenade (light potato-masher type) a scorn bordering on contempt.
    The enemy’s election of these tactics, combined with his lack of natural aptitude for them, would have given us a priceless advantage in the arm’s length fighting which followed, had our men been prepared by training and the state of their supply to recognize the opening and exploit it. Such was not, the case. It is true of any weapon that when training is generally of superficial character, instead of being vigorous and imaginative, troops will put a low estimate on the probable fighting value of the weapon, be careless of its conservation when not in contact with the enemy, and, after the fighting starts, will be slow to see how use of the weapon should be applied to the situation. Men in battle cannot think as grenadiers unless they have been specially schooled as grenadiers. For almost 30 years now the Army has discounted the value of systematic grenade training and the pre-eminent worth of having a few grenade specialists in each infantry company. The price for this neglect has been exacted in Korea.
    When our forces began to engage CCF, they were in no wise prepared for the exchange at short range. Rifle-grenade launchers had been thrown away. The troops had carelessly disposed of their hand grenades during the advance. When re-issue was effected on the spot, it was too late to school the company in the efficient use of the grenade in night defense toward the end that the weapon could be conserved for timely use against suitable targets instead of exploded to make noise over relatively empty terrain. The troops knew little or nothing about how to use grenade fire and bullet fire in combination. It was not seen that for the good of the company the best results would ensue if a larger share of grenades were given to the strong-armed and active throwers. All that was done with respect to employment of this weapon was uncoordinated and haphazard.
    Not, having been grenade-trained, junior leaders did not recognize that the tactica1 situation in the night fight was made to order for the illuminating rifle grenade, the hand grenade, and close-range fragmentation bombing of the revealed targets. In consequence they did not press upon higher command any demands for these materials. Weeks passed before men within the squads began to recognize these possibilities and to improvise methods which would give greater effectiveness to their own grenading.
    One of the main lessons of the Korean campaign is that the grenade school should be restored by the Army and used in about, the same way as during World War I to promote systematic and intelligent understanding of the weapon throughout the service.
    
    
    
    寒冷天氣時的操作
    在零度以下的戰(zhàn)斗中,手榴彈對使用者自身是個非常嚴(yán)重的威脅。因為寒冷,手榴彈的栓銷很難拔開,因此在投彈前必須脫下手套。只要握住這些冰冷的金屬幾秒鐘,手指就會凍僵。盡管使用者的握持時間只足以使栓銷松動并將手榴彈投出,在多個步兵連中仍因此產(chǎn)生了凍傷。此外,在冬季戰(zhàn)斗中,放在開在散兵坑側(cè)面的泥擱架上的手榴彈,很快會從半凍結(jié)的地面上吸收潮氣因而失效。很多連級軍官得出這樣一個結(jié)論: 由于上述原因,目前的這些手榴彈在零下20℃或更低氣溫下是無用的。
    COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS
    In sub-zero operations the hand grenade is a source of deadly danger to the user. The pin is hard to extract because of the cold; therefore the mitten must be removed prior to throwing. The cold metal, held in the hand for only a few seconds, will freeze the fingers. Infantry companies took frostbite losses from this cause even though the users held the bomb only long enough to work the pin loose and get the grenade away. Furthermore, in the winter fighting, grenades placed on a dirt shelf cut into the side of the foxhole soon absorbed moisture from the half-frozen ground and became inoperative. Many company officers reached the conclusion that for these reasons the present grenade is useless during in-fighting in temperatures running -20 and lower.
    
    
    
    
    總體效能
    在進(jìn)行夜間環(huán)形防御時,不可能去評估美軍投彈對敵軍行動的影響有多大。詢問參戰(zhàn)人員的結(jié)果只表明:在一般性的射擊中使用了過多的手榴彈,結(jié)果當(dāng)活動目標(biāo)在近距離出現(xiàn)的危急關(guān)頭來臨時手榴彈就不足了。在近距離戰(zhàn)斗中敵軍戰(zhàn)斗群被我軍集中使用的手榴彈明確阻止或摧毀的戰(zhàn)例很少,在非常適宜使用手榴彈的情況下發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能指導(dǎo)士兵們協(xié)同使用這種武器的戰(zhàn)例則更加罕見。
    在朝鮮,手榴彈并不像在二戰(zhàn)時那樣廣泛地用于掃蕩殘敵。除了因為敵軍的山頂掩體經(jīng)常在投彈手接近它之前就已被我軍的平射武器摧毀,還因為敵軍嚴(yán)重缺乏重裝備。然而,當(dāng)步兵別無他法只能依靠直接攻擊奪取陣地時,投進(jìn)敵軍掩體槍眼的那些手榴彈的轟鳴通常才是致命一擊。
    沒有使用槍榴彈的戰(zhàn)例。在這項分析涉及的所有軍事行動中,我軍都沒有使用過這種武器,只有我們的敵人中共軍隊使用過它。在山頂?shù)膽?zhàn)斗中,槍榴彈可能會非常有效,交戰(zhàn)雙方的距離與它的射程正好匹配?墒,我軍士兵早早就丟棄了槍榴彈發(fā)射器。
    在朝鮮的戰(zhàn)斗中,除了嚴(yán)寒中的軍事行動,發(fā)給部隊的爆破型手榴彈大體能夠滿足戰(zhàn)術(shù)需要。
    更有經(jīng)驗的士兵們評論道:不管在何種情況下,帶鋸齒的改進(jìn)過的蛋形手榴彈在攻防作戰(zhàn)中更加實用,只要讓一個一般臂力的投手攻擊性地使用它就可以了。這個人可以是玩過棒球的或者在高中以后有打橄欖球的相當(dāng)經(jīng)驗的士兵。一個連隊里總有這樣的人。他們可以很自然地使用這種武器,而且更有可能擊中目標(biāo)。
    在我們所研究的連級戰(zhàn)斗中,都使用了手榴彈,還沒有出現(xiàn)美軍因己方手榴彈火力傷亡的實例,不論是因為手榴彈過早爆炸還是因為距彈著區(qū)太近。
    除嚴(yán)寒天氣以外的戰(zhàn)斗中,我軍手榴彈的啞彈率如此之低令人覺得有些不可思議;而在另一方面,數(shù)據(jù)顯示20%至30%的中共軍隊的手榴彈因為機械故障或操作不當(dāng)未能爆炸。
    
    
    
    GENERAL UTILITY
    Under the conditions of the night perimeter defense, it is impossible to make any estimate of the effectiveness of American grenading upon enemy action. Interrogation shows only that perhaps an excessive percentage of grenade is used in genera1 fire, resulting in subsequent shortages during the crisis when there are live targets within close range. There are very few clean-cut examples of an enemy group being stopped or destroyed by concentrated use of the grenade during close action, and even fewer examples of leadership directing coordinated use of the weapon in situations well suited to it.
    
    
    
    The grenade is not used as extensively for mop-up purposes in Korea as during World War II operations because of the enemy’s general lack of heavy installations, other than the hilltop bunkers, which are usually knocked out by flat-trajectory weapons before the grenadiers can close in. However, when the infantry has no recourse but to take the position by direct assault, the sing of a few grenades through the embrasures is the accustomed coup de grace.
    There are no examples of the use of rifle grenades. The weapon was not used during any of the operations included in the analysis, except by the CCF enemy. Rifle grenades could have proved useful in the hilltop fighting; the distance between the engaging sides was usually such that its range was appropriate. But the launchers had been thrown away.
    Except for operations in extreme cold, the issue explosive-type grenade is generally satisfactory to the tactical need in the Korean fighting.
    The more experienced troops comment, however, that the serrated, modified Mills bomb is more practical for both offensive and defensive uses, so long as it is employed offensively by an average strong-armed thrower. This would include individuals who have played baseball or have had considerable experience with passing the football in their high school years or later. There are always such men in a company. They can use the weapon in a natural way and they are more likely to get it on the target.
    In the company actions taken under study, all of which made some use of the hand grenade, there is no instance of an American casualty resulting from our own grenade fire, either in consequence of a premature explosion or from being too close to the impact area.
    The percentage of dud grenades is so small as to be inconsequential except in extreme cold weather; on the other hand, the figures indicate that somewhere between 20 and 30 percent of CCF grenades do not fire because of defects either in the mechanism or in the handling.
    
網(wǎng)友評論(15102007)2013-02-21 18:10


    中共部隊的攻擊戰(zhàn)斗
    S·L·A·Marshall
    
    譯者:Light
    第一部:跟據(jù)1950年11月Kunu-ri之役中第二步兵師步兵連作戰(zhàn)行動之研究
    1、對陣地的攻擊
    2、運動模式
    3、行進(jìn)中射擊的使用
    4、目標(biāo)的特性
    5、使用掩護(hù)
    6、受攻下的防御
    7、重視手榴彈
    8、中共軍手榴彈戰(zhàn)斗的程度
    9、辨識的問題
    10、中共軍武器的效果
    11、展開的方法
    12、從戰(zhàn)斗中脫離
    13、連級的補給
    14、節(jié)約的問題
    15、其他武器
    16、保養(yǎng)的問題
    第二部:根據(jù)1950年11月20日至12月10日陸戰(zhàn)第一師在古土里、下碣隅里、柳檀里區(qū)域作戰(zhàn)之研究
    導(dǎo)言
    武器與構(gòu)工
    縱隊中的秩序
    中共軍的大目標(biāo)
    中共軍方面的損耗與隱蔽
    前進(jìn)路線
    中共軍的態(tài)度
    美軍防御陣地的組織
    鐵絲網(wǎng)的使用及效果
    照明的使用
    防御的機制
    攻擊的機制
    行軍要求
    酷寒的影響
    休克與疲乏
    防寒鞋
    酷寒下的武器
    
    
    第一部:跟據(jù)1950年11月Kunu-ri之役中第二步兵師步兵連作戰(zhàn)行動之研究
    
    1、對陣地的攻擊
    在對付第二步兵師各步兵連的各階段行動中,中共部隊沒有嘗試對各防御陣地進(jìn)行大包圍作戰(zhàn)。初步攻擊的重點通常是在連陣地的后方。攻擊的全部兵力會集中在一個排的陣地上,但偶爾也會涵蓋兩個排,特別是當(dāng)這兩個排比較靠近的時候。當(dāng)在突破并鞏固陣地后,敵軍會繼續(xù)向下一個山頭陣地?zé)o防備的側(cè)翼進(jìn)攻。這是一個大略但非一成不變的模式。在攻擊第三十八步兵團F連時,攻擊的范圍包括了所有的排,并且持續(xù)了整晚。在兩個小時之內(nèi),所有防御的美軍步兵排都在強攻之下,而位于稍后方的重兵器排和連部除了受到側(cè)翼的迫炮和重機槍猛烈轟擊外,并沒有被敵人步兵圍攻。敵軍并沒有排成一長條散兵線來進(jìn)攻,也沒有以連續(xù)數(shù)波來攻擊第二步兵師各連的陣地。攻擊線上最多可見60或70名散兵,通常是30至40名。
    
    2、運動模式
    這些敵兵經(jīng)常是直立著前進(jìn),但有時也會彎低。雖然他們偶爾也會沖刺或小跑一段,他們通常還是以步行速度前進(jìn)。當(dāng)停下來時,他們并不會利用地形地物匍匐前進(jìn)。當(dāng)臥倒時,他們只移動到找到最近的掩蔽物而已。下面是他們在夜間攻擊的行動特徵:在攻擊發(fā)起時,他們并沒有將部隊全面展開來以涵蓋美軍排陣地的整個側(cè)面或后方。中共軍會找出一條最容易進(jìn)入陣地的通道,這可能是一條深溝 、一道山洼、或是一條小徑。假如防御的一方集中在高地,敵軍通常會避開陡峭的山坡而選擇比較和緩的山坡進(jìn)攻。第一個攻擊群會直接上來,有時用散得很開散兵線,有時卻又排成直排,有時則呈凌亂的隊伍。
    
    3、行進(jìn)中射擊的使用
    不論是跑是走,他們幾乎總是一成不變地在行進(jìn)中射擊。這是他們火力交鋒開始的特色,而且經(jīng)常發(fā)生在開始用機槍和迫擊炮轟擊之前。不過,這種行進(jìn)中射擊的方法不但錯誤而且沒有什么效果。我們的士兵很少因此傷亡,并且眾口一聲地說,這種方法不會影響到士氣,更不會把我方士兵壓制到無法還擊。中共軍使用這種前進(jìn)方式的戰(zhàn)術(shù)目標(biāo)似乎是想要接近到近戰(zhàn)距離,然后在位于50到800碼不等距離外的機槍和迫擊炮壓制防御者的同時,迫近到能使用手榴彈的近距離。在美軍陣線火力因彈藥耗盡而減弱前,這些攻擊波似乎從來不曾嘗試過要真正逼近。事實上,找不到有任何一個敵人的攻擊部隊直接全面突擊消滅我們排級以上的部隊,使得幸存者落荒而逃的例子。他們并不是靠無比的勇氣、狂熱、或是快速集中的兵力來攻陷陣地。他們是靠逐步增加兵力和火力對陣地擠迫,并且耐心地等候,當(dāng)防御者武器人員彈藥耗盡時會自然瓦解。
    
    4、目標(biāo)的特性
    當(dāng)中共軍攻擊的前衛(wèi)遇到防御火力時(通常發(fā)生在不到50碼的距離),他們會趴到地上。如果防御火力暫時停止,他們會站起來再度前進(jìn),直到又遇到防御火力為止,然后他們會再度趴倒。但是一旦他們決定了一條前進(jìn)路線,即使戰(zhàn)術(shù)狀況改變讓它似乎不再有利,他們?nèi)匀徊粫淖儭K麄冎粫谙阮^部隊后面繼續(xù)前進(jìn)增援。當(dāng)他們死傷時,其他人會前進(jìn)來取代他們的位置。沖鋒槍、步槍、和手榴彈是這些先頭部隊的武器。這些先頭部隊從不會暴露太多目標(biāo)給我們的自動武器;我們的機槍或白朗寧自動步槍(BAR)每次最多不過能掃掉4、5個中共士兵。后者和破片手榴彈是我方成功抵御中共部隊攻擊的基本武器。任何能夠在這些中共士兵后方照明的方法都會對他們造成極大影響甚至撤退,有時幾乎可說是驚慌失措。
    
    5、使用掩護(hù)
    在日間戰(zhàn)斗時,這些戰(zhàn)斗單位會嘗試從壕溝或散兵坑來戰(zhàn)斗;當(dāng)被逐出時,他們會繼續(xù)使用灌木叢、樹木或類似的掩護(hù)。夜間攻擊有明亮的月光時,他們會善加利用大石頭、懸崖、以及長嶺投射出的陰影。任何能夠?qū)⑺麄內(nèi)臻g戰(zhàn)斗的掩護(hù)燒掉,或是在夜間照明他們的方法都能大大降低這些隱密戰(zhàn)術(shù)的功效。第二步兵師的步兵在攻擊時并沒有配備火焰噴射器,也缺乏信號照明彈或大型照明彈等彈藥。但在三個不同的場合中,我方的槍火無意間在敵人攻擊線的后方引燃了野火,結(jié)果是出奇的好。其中一個狀況中,敵軍停止攻擊,轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試撲滅野火達(dá)一個半小時之久;在這期間,我方機槍打死數(shù)十中共士兵。
    
    6、受攻下的防御
    當(dāng)被我方防御火力釘住不能動彈時,敵人的攻擊部隊仍然會利用我方火力暫時減弱或停止的空檔突進(jìn);這些火力空檔的原因包括了人員傷亡、彈藥耗盡、機槍或自動步槍故障等等。但是他們只會在我們部隊不得不開始撤出陣地的時候才會全速突進(jìn)。
    第二步兵師于Kunu-ri北方在受攻下防御的戰(zhàn)斗記錄相當(dāng)良好;在16個戰(zhàn)斗行動經(jīng)過仔細(xì)分析的連中,只有一個排級單位不是因為彈藥耗盡或類似的理由而后退。在這個例外中,這個排缺少領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 ,也沒有沿攻擊來的方向鞏固陣地;他們被割裂并且一個班接一個班地吃掉。即使如此,他們?nèi)匀话褌叱烦,而最后撤退時只剩下11個人沒有受傷。
    第九步兵團B連在11月25日上午10點鐘于219高地山腳下和一股優(yōu)勢敵軍開始交戰(zhàn)時有126人。25小時后當(dāng)撤退令下來時,它仍然堅守著陣地并且持續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗中,但是只剩下34人還能行動,其中還有不少人身負(fù)輕傷,都是手榴彈破片引起的。這不是特別的例子,而是第二步兵師各步兵連典型的作為。
    
    7、重視手榴彈
    在一個布局良好的地區(qū)性戰(zhàn)斗中,敵軍似乎時常喜歡以手榴彈兵為先鋒,有時候這些士兵除了手榴彈外并不攜帶其他任何武器。手榴彈會用綁在腰間的一個布袋裝著。他們大量使用手榴彈,當(dāng)手榴彈耗盡時,我們士兵會看到他們似乎是空著手向我們陣線前進(jìn)。在手榴彈攻擊時,極少有步槍火力的支援,但有一大堆沖鋒槍兵夾在手榴彈兵中前進(jìn)。在更后方,有一到三挺機槍(但在攻擊連陣地時不會超過此數(shù))掃射防御陣地的高處和其他地區(qū)。就比例來看,我們最嚴(yán)重的傷亡看來是由準(zhǔn)確的機槍火力造成的。在以步槍兵打頭陣的少數(shù)攻擊中,他們在接近手榴彈距離時會讓手榴彈兵快速地上前穿過步槍兵行伍,以便使用手榴彈。不是所有的手榴彈兵都有步槍,但是大部份步槍兵都帶了至少5枚小型木桿震撼式手榴彈 。(這些中共士兵都沒有刺刀)他們所有的近戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)似乎都在依賴使用手榴彈來迫使聯(lián)軍部隊退出陣地。雖然中共士兵被教育說美軍士兵特別無法承受手榴彈攻擊,但實際上手榴彈攻擊對聯(lián)軍部隊的效果不彰。我們許多受到中共軍持續(xù)數(shù)小時手榴彈攻擊的兵士仍然對他們的手榴彈表示輕蔑。主要有兩個因素造成他們這種態(tài)度:
    •1.中共士兵投擲手榴彈不遠(yuǎn)且不準(zhǔn)確。
    •2.中共手榴彈本身殺傷力不強。
    
    關(guān)于第一點,在仔細(xì)研究一堆手榴彈戰(zhàn)斗的案例后似乎找不出特別的例外。中共士兵使用低手甩動的方式投擲手榴彈,在平地上最遠(yuǎn)距離不會超過20至25碼,在陡峭的山坡向上投擲時距離更短。在一次山頭戰(zhàn)斗中,我方部隊據(jù)守山頂,中共部隊在下方20碼處,他們的手榴彈兵花了一小時嘗試將手榴彈投過我們的壕壁,都沒有成功。
    在另外一次戰(zhàn)斗中,我方有7個士兵緊圍著一個小土堆防守,在一個半小時內(nèi),中共軍于15碼的距離外對他們投了50到60顆手榴彈,其中30到40顆被我們的人踢掉或丟回去,剩下的在他們防御位置中爆炸。
    在另一次排戰(zhàn)斗中,有30人受到手榴彈破片的傷害,但沒有人嚴(yán)重到無法繼續(xù)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)斗。因為中共手榴彈而受傷的案例在這些連中比比皆是,但是致命的案例少之又少。似乎只有當(dāng)身體或頭部跟爆炸的手榴彈幾乎直接接觸時,才會引起重大傷害。
    我們部隊已經(jīng)習(xí)于中共手榴彈的效果,也因此它們不會有損我們的士氣。當(dāng)在防御中我方的手榴彈供應(yīng)充足時,中共軍的手榴彈兵不是被消滅就是被擊退。有些步兵根本沒有手榴彈。在許多案例中,戰(zhàn)斗開始后要再補給(手榴彈)不是完全不可能就是極度困難。但是當(dāng)手榴彈可以充分供應(yīng),而且防御者能有效地使用時,都可以擋住敵人的攻擊。
    
    8、中共軍手榴彈戰(zhàn)斗的程度
    保持手榴彈在交戰(zhàn)時供應(yīng)無缺似乎是中共軍步兵系統(tǒng)的主要目標(biāo)之一。在所有研究過的近接戰(zhàn)斗案例中,除非是小群部隊在毫無準(zhǔn)備的狀況下撞在一起,要不然都找不到中共戰(zhàn)斗單位耗盡手榴彈的例子。另一方面,如果在毫無準(zhǔn)備下做近距離接戰(zhàn),他們似乎無法適應(yīng)快速地使用這個非常有價值的近戰(zhàn)武器。
    這里有兩個例子,一個發(fā)生在第二十三步兵團第一營的夜間戰(zhàn)斗中,另一個發(fā)生在第九步兵團第二營的日間戰(zhàn)斗中。第二十三團的這個部隊當(dāng)時正在宿營,沒有布置好防線。一大堆配備了手榴彈和步槍的敵兵滲透入它的營地,但是卻就地找掩護(hù)然后就不動作,并沒有趁機攻擊我方。當(dāng)?shù)谝粻I組成散兵線并且使用手榴彈和步槍掃蕩整個營地的時候,這些滲透者仍然不動作,在這個戰(zhàn)斗階段這些中共軍甚至連一顆手榴彈都沒有用上。在第二個例子里,有約120名中共部隊在大白天走入第九步兵團G連據(jù)守的隘路中。這些中共士兵完全沒有使用身上的手榴彈,經(jīng)過數(shù)分鐘的步槍交火后,他們或是被殺或是被俘。中共部隊在手榴彈戰(zhàn)斗中只使用小型(木桿)震撼式手榴彈,即使他們有其他類型的手榴彈,也沒有被看到使用過。
    
    9、辨識的問題
    從各個不同的戰(zhàn)斗行動概括看來,我們步兵在陣地中能確認(rèn)是面對敵軍的中共部隊的距離,在夜間是15到50碼,在日間是50至200碼。部份的原因(但只是一部份)是敵人在前進(jìn)的時候很少使用掩護(hù)火力,另一部份是在戰(zhàn)場上辨別敵友的困難。其他限制了在較遠(yuǎn)距離外辨識敵我的因素是:
    •1.(我方)極少在行進(jìn)時使用側(cè)衛(wèi)。
    •2.在運動時尖兵和主要部隊間距離不足,特別是在上山路段。
    •3.沒有在陣地或部隊主體外布置警戒哨。
    •4.缺乏像是絆腳線等可以制造警訊提供辨識的裝置。
    •5.連與連間的平行通訊不良。當(dāng)無線電收訊不佳時,各連并沒有使用傳令互相通報狀況。結(jié)果就是,即使隔壁連已經(jīng)全面交戰(zhàn)1至3個小時之久,許多連仍然在毫無戒備下被中共軍逐一突襲。這種狀況也發(fā)生在許多排級單位上。
    •6.缺少強力而持續(xù)的巡邏。
    
    
    10、中共軍武器的效果
    在Kunu-ri戰(zhàn)斗中,中共軍武器對我方步兵的效果可以從傷亡率、對士氣的影響、以及對陣地的壓制來衡量。它們的效率評估如下:
    •1.輕機槍
    •2.迫擊炮(通常60mm)
    •3.手榴彈
    •4.沖鋒槍(通常是湯姆生沖鋒槍)
    •5.步槍
    
    中共軍的機槍火力一直很準(zhǔn)確并且很持續(xù)。他們會持續(xù)發(fā)射機槍直到被摧毀,也會利用掩護(hù)把機槍盡量往前推進(jìn)到近距離。他們似乎沒有很多輕機槍;在攻擊一個連陣地的時候幾乎沒有使用超過兩挺機槍的例子。它們的戰(zhàn)術(shù)目的似乎是在提供壓制防御者的火力。在一般狀況下,迫擊炮并沒有集中使用。在某些特例中,兩或三門迫擊炮會集中火力來使用。通常中共部隊只使用一門迫擊炮,而且是在攻擊已經(jīng)開始一陣子后。迫擊炮火分兩類:一是一般區(qū)域性的壓制,一是集中在主要設(shè)施,例如防御的機槍、迫擊炮陣地、指揮所、以及補給點。他們的區(qū)域壓制火力并不猛烈,我方部隊也并不太在意。但在集中射擊方面,他們的迫擊炮火都能很快而準(zhǔn)確地命中特定目標(biāo),這似乎意味著他們發(fā)展出了能夠在戰(zhàn)斗中做快速三角定位的方法,但也有可能是他們已經(jīng)在周遭潛伏一段時間并且測好距離,所以在戰(zhàn)斗時可以很快地根據(jù)火光來定位。在步槍火力方面,他們的沖鋒槍火力不論是在日間或夜間戰(zhàn)斗中都不是十分準(zhǔn)確,而且他們常常在過遠(yuǎn)的距離就開始使用沖鋒槍。但是,中共部隊擁有許多湯姆生沖鋒槍,這可以從Kunu-ri戰(zhàn)斗的報告和從他們的死者和俘虜身上搜集到的數(shù)目看出。
    中共部隊在Kunu-ri戰(zhàn)斗中僅使用少數(shù)火箭筒,但是目標(biāo)通常不是步兵陣地,而是支援的裝甲單位。在這些少數(shù)的例子中,他們接近到極近的距離(20-40碼)來攻擊我方坦克,而他們的瞄準(zhǔn)非常準(zhǔn)確。而在我方的坦克能在比較遠(yuǎn)的距離和這些反裝甲單位交火的情形下,他們通常會退卻逃跑。至于FA是否能有同樣的效果則不確定,沒有任何FA近接戰(zhàn)斗的例子可供分析,不過由于雙方通常都太接近,F(xiàn)A恐怕也無法發(fā)揮功效。
    
    11、展開的方法
    在向交戰(zhàn)區(qū)域前進(jìn)的時候,中共部隊的隊伍似乎都選擇最容易前進(jìn)的路線主要補給線、補給小徑、河床、以及山谷。當(dāng)沿著高處防御時,他們并不經(jīng)由脊線前進(jìn)。當(dāng)他們遇到強硬抵抗時,他們的戰(zhàn)斗單位一個接一個地抽離,直到最后整個戰(zhàn)術(shù)隊伍都消失掉。因此,(我的)初步意見是,中共部隊之所以能夠成功地攻擊這么多我們后方的指揮所、炮兵陣地、以及其他敏感而脆弱的單位,主要是因為運氣好而非小心仔細(xì)的偵察與計畫。我們部隊的支援單位特別喜歡集中在補給路線和交叉口處;如果敵人沿著最自然的路徑前進(jìn),他們幾乎不可能失之交臂。
    
    12、從戰(zhàn)斗中脫離
    在Kunu-ri戰(zhàn)斗初期,中共部隊都盡可能地在黎明的時候從戰(zhàn)斗中脫離。脫離戰(zhàn)斗后,在早晨大約7 點鐘時候,他們會從一個大鍋中進(jìn)早點。這時,在步槍掩護(hù)下的擔(dān)架隊會到前線收容傷亡。救護(hù)站設(shè)在部隊進(jìn)餐的集結(jié)點,死者就淺淺地埋在附近。在這個時段,中共部隊似乎極少采取對四周的警戒。他們的士兵通常會處于松懈的狀態(tài),而此時如果碰上我方部隊的話,他們似乎無心戰(zhàn)斗。
    
    13、連級的補給
    在Kunu-ri戰(zhàn)斗期間,我方步兵通常攜帶約90至120發(fā)的卡賓槍彈藥,或是兩個子彈帶的M1 彈藥,以及0至2顆手榴彈。很少連的士兵自己身上有攜帶糧食。大部份連里面,士兵會攜帶一個睡袋和輕背包。在這種重量負(fù)荷下,當(dāng)行軍直線距離超過3.5英里后(根據(jù)在當(dāng)?shù)氐牡匦危赡軐嶋H上超過7英里),脫隊問題會造成戰(zhàn)術(shù)上無法掌控的凌亂隊形。
    
    14、節(jié)約的問題
    在作戰(zhàn)中,特別是在夜間,要如何重裝卡賓槍彈匣與M1步槍彈夾是個蠻嚴(yán)重的問題。大部份步兵連在開始接戰(zhàn)的階段,即使沒有多少目標(biāo),仍然會有過度消耗自動武器彈藥的情況。但另一方面,各連卻都能小心節(jié)省使用手榴彈,可能是因為手榴彈本來就短缺。不過有些步兵連還是能夠維持控制士兵的步槍火力,直到有良好目標(biāo)出現(xiàn)為止。一般情況下,在山頭的戰(zhàn)斗中,當(dāng)中共部隊逼近后,自動武器對付敵人散兵幾乎沒有什么效果。中共士兵會利用巖石和突出的巖架做掩護(hù),我方部隊必須冒著身影在天空背景透光的危險才能對他們射擊。但盡管如此,在許多例子中,白朗寧自動步槍有效的使用在是防御成功的重要因素。在敵人逼近并采取掩護(hù)后,手榴彈成為近接防御戰(zhàn)斗中最有價值的武器。但是由于手榴彈的短缺,只能使用自動火力來對付近距離目標(biāo),不但沒有效果,更進(jìn)一步耗費了彈藥。
    作戰(zhàn)狀況主要就是這樣,當(dāng)傷亡增加后,持續(xù)抵抗的可能性也漸漸減低。幾乎所有的陣地在交戰(zhàn)還不到三分之二的時候就已經(jīng)用完手榴彈了。在第九步兵團B連戰(zhàn)斗快要結(jié)束的時候,連長帶著一個排的部份士兵,在晨光中站起來用石塊和口糧罐頭向中共部隊投擲,以讓其余部隊可以撤退。這些投擲手死了5名,傷了2名,可見當(dāng)時情況的危急。在另外4個戰(zhàn)斗中,當(dāng)彈藥耗盡時,我方士兵用上拳頭和槍托來對付逼近的中共部隊。中共士兵在這種型態(tài)的戰(zhàn)斗中表現(xiàn)并不佳。
    
    15、其他武器
    中共部隊在Kunu-ri地區(qū)沒有使用任何炮兵。除此之外只看見過使用一次新型的小火箭彈,不過這不是由火箭筒發(fā)射的。它被用在對付第九步兵團B連的陣地,從戰(zhàn)壕前沿彈起,在后面的防壁爆炸,效果中等。
    
    16、保養(yǎng)的問題
    攜帶卡賓槍的士兵報告發(fā)生了許多武器操作上的問題,不發(fā)彈、卡彈、操作不順暢等等。有一部份的問題是因為保養(yǎng)不良引起,許多單位都缺少潤滑油。但是,在寒冷的天氣下,過多的潤滑油也會造成問題,這些卡賓槍必須要先加熱讓凍結(jié)的潤滑油融化,才能行半自動或全自動射擊。通常以單發(fā)射擊 10至15發(fā)子彈結(jié)束后就可以運作如常。M1半自動步槍的性能一如預(yù)期,極少有操作上的問題。
    調(diào)查顯示,習(xí)慣在可能接戰(zhàn)前檢查武器并試射數(shù)發(fā)的幾個步兵連在戰(zhàn)斗中武器的操作情形最為良好。
    
    第二部:根據(jù)1950年11月20日至12月10日陸戰(zhàn)第一師在古土里、下碣隅里、柳檀里區(qū)域作戰(zhàn)之研究
    
    導(dǎo)言
    對1950年11月20日至12月10日陸戰(zhàn)第一師在古土里、下碣隅里、柳檀里地域與中共部隊作戰(zhàn)行動的詳細(xì)研究驗證了《中共部隊的攻擊戰(zhàn)斗》(ORO-S-26,EUSAK,報告日期1951年1月5日)中提出的所有主要的結(jié)論。不過在Kunu-ri的戰(zhàn)斗中這很少發(fā)生。我們的士兵很少配備超過兩顆手榴彈,這是根據(jù)1950年11月24日至12月1日期間美國第二步兵師在Kunu-ri地區(qū)與中共部隊作戰(zhàn)的經(jīng)驗來對中共部隊的戰(zhàn)術(shù)方法與武器使用的評估分析。
    在中共部隊對抗陸戰(zhàn)第一師的過程中,他們從來沒有成功地包圍并穿插割裂過該師任何主要單位,并且除了一些外圍陣地外,也從沒有突破攻占過任何主要防御陣地。所以,他們的戰(zhàn)斗單位并不如和攻擊第二步兵師在Chongchon河?xùn)|岸時一樣地全面展開,因此能夠觀察中共部隊在全然多變戰(zhàn)況下作戰(zhàn)的特點的機會就比較少。
    由于第二步兵師在Kunu-ri周遭與陸戰(zhàn)第一師在古土里周遭戰(zhàn)斗時的環(huán)境狀況完全不同,不但地形不類似,而且我方部隊和中共方面各部隊始初的布陣也不同,要把這兩個作戰(zhàn)行動作一個全面比較并不恰當(dāng)。在(本報告中)如果有做比較的地方,完全是為了要強調(diào)襯比中共部隊的特徵與能力。
    
    武器與構(gòu)工
    整體來說,跟陸戰(zhàn)第一師交戰(zhàn)的中共師團的裝備并未比在同時期與第二步兵師交戰(zhàn)的中共部隊好多少。主要的差別在于跟陸戰(zhàn)第一師交戰(zhàn)的中共諸師團似乎在糧食和彈藥補給上極度短缺。在中共部隊與第二步兵師的戰(zhàn)斗行動中,當(dāng)共軍自固定位置開火時,機槍手和手榴彈兵似乎從來就沒有缺過彈藥,而且可以看到在火線上的部隊后面有長串的士兵搬運彈藥。在長津湖區(qū)作戰(zhàn)的中共部隊則正好相反,參與戰(zhàn)斗的中共師團似乎很快就耗盡所攜帶的彈藥,由于沒有再補給,他們的作戰(zhàn)效率就此消失。當(dāng)他們耗盡彈藥撤退時,其他新的師團會移上前來遞補陣線,而這些補給耗盡的師團則從前線消失。指揮的陸戰(zhàn)師長奧立佛·P·史密斯少將曾經(jīng)記述到這個現(xiàn)象,而且也從許多團、營長口中證實。戰(zhàn)俘口供顯示這些部隊中大部份是在11月13至16日間渡過鴨綠江,正好跟陸戰(zhàn)第一師開始從基地港口向北前進(jìn)大約同時。在渡江后,他們以全速向作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)急行軍前進(jìn)?磥硭麄兯坪踔幌胍s快將部隊向前移動,即時到達(dá)陸戰(zhàn)第一師的縱隊附近,以便在陸戰(zhàn)第一師把大部份兵力用在攻擊長津湖區(qū)時切斷該師的主要補給線;也因此這些中共部隊對于諸如有效補給等重要課題方面并沒有妥善安排。跟這個假設(shè)吻合,并且陸戰(zhàn)第一師下屬各單位都注意到的是,他們的中共敵軍都是一成不變地以單線攻擊,沒有使用其他不同的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。這不但在師級單位如此,甚至到營級或連級都一樣。每個單位被賦予一個選定的任務(wù),他們似乎都在剩余戰(zhàn)力許可之下盡力達(dá)成這個任務(wù)。但當(dāng)他們被擊退無法達(dá)成任務(wù)時,中共部隊會顯得茫然毫無計畫,無法重新組織起來轉(zhuǎn)移攻取其他可能的目標(biāo)。士兵們會從戰(zhàn)線上撤退,渙散地坐在原野間。即使如此,戰(zhàn)俘的口供中顯示出了中共士兵一般的智力不低。不單只在軍官之間,就連一般受審訊的士兵也都能說出他的連、團、師、軍團、以及集團軍的番號,并且知道上級單位的計畫與意圖。陸戰(zhàn)第一師也就是從被俘的中共士兵口中首先聽到中共部隊計畫“在該師的兩個團向北前進(jìn)后”,以主力切斷該師的主要補給線。這項情報是當(dāng)這兩個團還在北進(jìn)途中獲得的。但是真正特別讓人困惑的是這些戰(zhàn)俘沒有階級的概念,這些戰(zhàn)俘會稱自己是“士兵”或“軍官”,但說不出自己的軍階。如果中共部隊中有士官的話,他們也無法表明自己的階級。
    在陸戰(zhàn)第一師的作戰(zhàn)中,有六次戰(zhàn)斗時攻擊的中共部隊有輕型炮兵的支援。每一次所使用的炮數(shù)不超過二或三門,發(fā)炮數(shù)也是寥寥數(shù)發(fā)?傮w來說,敵人攻擊的火力依靠自動武器,主要是.30口徑的機關(guān)槍(包括路易斯輕機槍與哈乞克斯機槍);沖鋒槍、步槍、及輕型木桿手榴彈則是中共步兵的主要武器,這個現(xiàn)象不論是在對陸戰(zhàn)第一師周邊防線的攻擊或是他們自己陣地的防御戰(zhàn)斗時都一樣。除了曾經(jīng)在手榴彈上綁上引爆索作成詭雷外,在這些武器的使用上并沒有什么出奇的新意。這些詭雷被安裝在阻絕道路的路障上,長長的引爆索則拉回到路旁的散兵坑中。這些詭雷時常失敗,因為在散兵坑中的中共士兵往往在有機會引爆詭雷前就已經(jīng)被殺。有一次更是因為手榴彈的安全針凍住而失敗。在防御的時候,這些中共部隊會在山頭陣地建構(gòu)防彈掩體,以雙重粗樹干綁在一起做墻,頂上以木頭做蓋,再加上兩尺厚的泥土石塊為頂。這些工事可以抵御空中攻擊,除非是火箭直接命中。他們用騾馬將這些建材運到高處,當(dāng)中共部隊在周遭地區(qū)展開后,騾馬會被移到遠(yuǎn)離(美軍)主要補給線的荒野地區(qū)。當(dāng)美國空軍開始掃蕩周遭地區(qū)時,幾乎看不到什么騾馬。當(dāng)中共部隊在古土里以北及下碣隅里以西切斷陸戰(zhàn)第一師的主要補給線,以便孤立并消滅該師時,他們用上了大量的路障,以及少數(shù)的爆破手段。沿著(美軍)撤退路線,在一些最敏感的位置上,炸藥被有效地用來切斷交通。最好的例子莫過于炸斷位于古土里以南、1081高地山腳不遠(yuǎn)處橫過發(fā)電廠水管的工作橋。這座橋位于一個落差1500英尺的峽谷之上,如果不能修復(fù)的話,任何車輛都不能通過向南撤退。該師早已預(yù)料到這個問題,并且準(zhǔn)備在不浪費縱隊的寶貴時間下盡快架橋通過這個空隙;一座預(yù)制橋早就由空軍運來跟縱隊一起行動。即使如此,中共部隊還是以少量的炸藥造成了最大的阻礙。如果敵軍有足夠的炸藥的話,整個路線上像這樣的機會比比皆是。整個主要補給線就像是在山壁上開鑿的狹窄棧道一樣,只要造成幾處大山崩,它就會完全毀損無法通行。但是,雖然中共部隊已經(jīng)盤據(jù)這個地區(qū)超過一個星期之久,他們并沒有嘗試這類大規(guī)模的炸山行動。在此處,以及更北面位于下碣隅里和柳潭里之間的路段上,中共軍手上的炸藥似乎只夠用在幾處可以很容易地以少量炸藥爆破的小型橋梁上。一般實體路障是由石塊、泥土、及雜物堆成平均2英尺半到3英尺半高度,并不太堅牢的阻絕障礙。大約半數(shù)路障地點的側(cè)翼有火力掩護(hù)通常是在側(cè)面嶺線上布陣的一、兩挺機槍,或者是迫擊炮。在沒有掩護(hù)的路障地點,即使側(cè)面高地還沒有被(我方)前衛(wèi)完全掃清,在步兵縱隊先頭的推土機通常就已經(jīng)把這些障礙物推開一旁了。不過,還是有些路障地點被由側(cè)旁高地射來的自動武器火力,以及逼近到輕武器有效距離的狙擊手強力而持續(xù)地封鎖的例子。這時車輛會被擊毀,縱隊停頓,并且沿著路邊演變成一場人員和物資的持續(xù)消耗戰(zhàn),直到中共部隊被(我方)優(yōu)勢火力與運動壓制住為止。
    
    縱隊中的秩序
    在有關(guān)這個話題的事例中,德來斯戴爾特遣隊(TF Drysdale)11 月 27 日夜間 在古土里與下碣隅里間路段的經(jīng)驗會是最有教育性的例子。這支小型的特遣隊由 英國突擊隊、一個陸戰(zhàn)連、以及一個步兵連組成。他們在收到中共部隊已經(jīng)切斷 通往下碣隅里的主要補給線的報告后由古土里向北出發(fā),嘗試打通補給路徑。它先掃清了古土里以北緊鄰主要補給線的脊線,然后乘坐卡車前進(jìn)。一支補給車隊 原本預(yù)計要接受它的保護(hù),緊接它的后方前進(jìn)。在特遣隊的最前端有一個中型戰(zhàn) 車排,最后端在卡車縱隊之后也有另一個戰(zhàn)車排擔(dān)任后衛(wèi)。 這支縱隊在古土里山嶺線以北開闊地區(qū)撞入了中共部隊(估計約3營兵力弱)的伏擊,它的潰散主要得歸罪于其中裝甲部隊的運用態(tài)度。雖然規(guī)模較小, 但是在這個事例中,行動與反應(yīng)等等幾乎就跟三天后在 Kunu-ri 與 Sunchon 路 段之間發(fā)生在第二步兵師縱隊上的不幸遭遇如出一轍。當(dāng)那些裝甲薄弱的車輛進(jìn)入敵人火力走廊時的安全完全依賴著運動的快速程度時,坦克車卻在中共部隊 開始對它們厚重裝甲不痛不癢地射擊時停下來還擊。這造成了整個車隊的停頓, 并且讓卡車部隊被從側(cè)面射來的火網(wǎng)痛擊卻無法反擊。跟坦克部隊的多次爭論與懇求都沒有什么效果,他們并不受特遣隊指揮官的節(jié)制,而且他們對于自己的行動造成后方車隊的損傷的情形也無動于衷。 為了避免整個特遣隊被摧毀,步兵單位的軍官們(包括一名空軍前進(jìn)觀測官)不得不起而干涉戰(zhàn)車部隊的行動,要求他們不要還擊而繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。在車隊最后方的人根本搞不清楚發(fā)生了什么事,更不知道引起整個車隊癱瘓的原因并不是中共軍的炮火,反而是自己的坦克部隊。最后,特遣隊中大約有半數(shù)脫身,也喪失了約50% 的車輛;補給車隊全軍覆沒,人員不是傷亡就是被俘;引起同伴這場大災(zāi)難 的戰(zhàn)車部隊卻安然脫身,毫發(fā)無傷。
    那些能看到這支小小特遣隊遭遇伏擊與潰敗全貌的人都同意,失敗的主因不在于中共軍炮火的效果,而是在于戰(zhàn)車部隊自身缺乏管制,它與后隨的卡車部隊間缺乏通信,以及坦克部隊不了解他們打打停停的戰(zhàn)術(shù)對于后面車隊造成的嚴(yán)重后果 。這對于美軍裝甲部隊與摩托化部隊在陸上共同行動來說是個相當(dāng)新的問題。它的共通點可以從德來斯戴爾特遣隊和第二步兵師縱隊的相同經(jīng)驗中看出。它們也許應(yīng)該被更進(jìn)一步地仔細(xì)研究一番,因為從中可以發(fā)掘出許多重要的教訓(xùn)。而且,只要敵人繼續(xù)采取橫過后方切斷撤退路線的戰(zhàn)術(shù),這個情形就可能再度發(fā)生。很明顯地可以看出的是,除非能夠仔細(xì)地評估這個問題,并且訂定果斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作戰(zhàn) 計畫來確?v隊中戰(zhàn)術(shù)上的整體行動,戰(zhàn)車部隊的存在對于一支經(jīng)由狹窄道路通過敵方控制區(qū)域的摩托化縱隊并不見得能保證有額外的保護(hù)作用,它反而可能增加了縱隊的脆弱性。在機動性是安全前提的行動中,原本以為是個防盾的單位卻拖累了整個部隊的運動, 在第二師的事例中,裝甲單位散布在整個縱隊之中。德來斯戴爾特遣隊中則是用來掩護(hù)縱隊的前頭和尾端。由于兩者在開始行動前都沒有事先確認(rèn)管制與通信的方法,結(jié)果也是同樣地凄慘。
    
    中共軍的大目標(biāo)
    雖然在陸戰(zhàn)第一師的整體行動中,德來斯戴爾特遣隊算不上非常重要,但是由于它是中共軍在對陸戰(zhàn)第一師攻擊中根據(jù)其整體目標(biāo)獲致戰(zhàn)術(shù)上區(qū)域性成功的一個例子,因此我們特別強調(diào)德來斯戴爾特遣隊的經(jīng)驗。在這個例子中,就如同中共軍在Kunu-ri以南攻擊第二步兵師的行動一樣,敵軍的主要目的在于誘使我方攻擊兵力作最大限度的延伸,然后切斷主要補給線,當(dāng)主力部隊開始對其后方的壓力做出反應(yīng)的時候,再以包圍的態(tài)勢摧毀主力部隊。陸戰(zhàn)第一師防止了這個事態(tài)的發(fā)生。陸戰(zhàn)第一師不論在攻擊或是防御的行動中,總是以最大的努力保持陣線的穩(wěn)固,這包括了它最初北上長津湖區(qū)與西向柳潭里的攻擊,以及后來向南撤到真興里的行動。德來斯戴爾特遣隊的不幸在于它受命打通從古土里到下碣隅里間的主要補給線;在此事件后,雖然中共軍切斷了古土里與下碣隅里(陸戰(zhàn)第一師師部)間,以及下碣隅里與柳潭里(第五團和第七團作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域)間的主要補給線,陸戰(zhàn)第一師不曾再嘗試以兵力不足的部隊打通補給線。它暫時接受了這個狀況。在此后陸戰(zhàn)第一師各單位以要塞的觀念來防御自己的陣地,但是也采取必要的反擊行動來打亂中共軍的陣腳,并且不輕易地讓中共軍不付出代價就取得寸土。實際上,陸戰(zhàn)第一師的縱隊等于是在敵人控制區(qū)域中以一連串的堅強據(jù)點所構(gòu)成的。對于這些據(jù)點的補給與傷患的撤退都是由空中進(jìn)行,飛機跑道的建構(gòu)早在中共軍開始在長津湖區(qū)現(xiàn)身之前就已經(jīng)緊鑼密鼓地進(jìn)行當(dāng)中。正如本文后面會再度討論的,在它的四個主要據(jù)點中柳潭里、下碣隅里、古土里、真興里陸戰(zhàn)第一師極度強調(diào)(防御)組織的深度以及地區(qū)中各部隊的整體性;有時甚至為了保持陣線較大的嚴(yán)密性而把緊鄰的高地棄之不顧,任其落入中共軍手中。這樣的抉擇后來證明收獲極大,并且沒有引起我方太大的損失。中共軍在對這些堅強據(jù)點的持續(xù)攻擊中損失慘重。在這四個區(qū)域中發(fā)生的都一樣,隨著時間的流逝,中共軍的攻擊從開始時極度猛烈,強度逐漸地減弱,直到最后他們再也受不了,從前線撤退;這時雖然他們?nèi)藬?shù)仍然還有許多,并且在白天可以看到四散在原野和山嶺間,他們卻顯得十分被動消極,也沒有持續(xù)有組織的攻擊行動。堅決果斷的防御影響中共軍攻擊士氣的效果可以從陸戰(zhàn)第七團F連令人驚異的例子中看出。F連獨力據(jù)守從下碣隅里的師部到柳潭里的第五團和第七團所在地之間的一個隘口,完全被孤立在陣地之中,守了五天五夜。在這段期間,這個連被大約兩個營的中共軍重重包圍。第一晚,他們的陣地遭到猛攻并有一角被突破,但是在天明前又重新奪回。第二晚時,敵軍以和前晚約略相同的路線及兵力攻擊,也再度被擊退。第三晚,雖然F連已經(jīng)有許多傷亡,但是中共軍的攻擊也顯得軟弱無力。接下來兩天中,雖然在F連陣地的目視距離內(nèi)可以看到有大量中共軍的活動,但是卻沒有采取任何攻擊行動。到了第五天早上,第七團的一個營前來援救F連,但在離F連不到1000碼處遇到中共軍強烈的抵抗而停了下來,此時F連雖然已經(jīng)死守陣地5天,卻仍然士氣高昂,他們用無線電跟該營聯(lián)絡(luò),準(zhǔn)備主動派出一支巡邏隊替他們領(lǐng)路。這個例子并不是罕有的特例,這是充斥在陸戰(zhàn)第一師戰(zhàn)斗行動中的典型精神。“我們一直覺得是占了上風(fēng),并且當(dāng)敵人想要打上一仗時我們總能將其痛毆一頓!笔访芩箤④娬劦狡洳筷牭男袆訒r說道。從陸戰(zhàn)第一師主要作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)各連和各排行動的仔細(xì)分析中,以及從火線上所看到中共軍的損失與反應(yīng)中,都可以支持他的看法。就他們所見所想而言,(陸戰(zhàn)第一師的士兵)相信他們在各場戰(zhàn)斗中都是勝利者,他們自信是主要憑著自身的戰(zhàn)斗力而獲致這樣的結(jié)果。他們對那些對于他們行動嗤之以鼻的新聞報導(dǎo)感到憤慨 ,這些報導(dǎo)天馬行空地推論說由于陸戰(zhàn)第一師在敵人控制地區(qū)過度延伸,因此不得不由其他非陸戰(zhàn)隊的單位 施以援手才能逃脫。在記錄上再加這一條就足夠了:自第五團和第七團從西面的柳潭里撤出并接近位于長津湖南端的下碣隅里的師部防御陣地開始,陸戰(zhàn)第一師對于其本身抵御更大中共軍壓力的狀況與能力感到十分有信心。從那時之后,主要的問題是在于如何能保存實力,并以最少人員和車輛的損失驅(qū)離南面主要補給線沿路嶺線上的中共軍。
    
    中共軍方面的損耗與隱蔽
    除了那些想以直接攻擊摧毀陸戰(zhàn)第一師在柳潭里(兩個團級戰(zhàn)斗群),下碣隅里(一個加強營),和古土里(一個加強營)的陣地,自身反而被擊潰或摧毀的單位外,中共軍自11月27日至12月2日期間的努力集中于將其他單位沿著這些戰(zhàn)斗焦點間的走廊部署展開,這些單位雖然位于各防御陣地步兵武器的射程之外,但卻不是沒有遭到騷擾。從真興里到古土里的距離是12英里,從古土里到下碣隅里9英里,從下碣隅里到柳潭里13英里,被飛機或是路上巡邏隊發(fā)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)(中共軍)通常都位于部署在這四個防御據(jù)點其中一或兩個地方的陸戰(zhàn)師炮兵射程之內(nèi);另外,在大部份時間里天氣狀況也有利于空中攻擊。在作戰(zhàn)的早期階段,陸戰(zhàn)第一師的參二 根據(jù)老百姓的報告結(jié)果,早已認(rèn)為中共軍是以相當(dāng)大的縱隊隊形穿過原野移動,而這些縱隊正躲藏在村莊以及在古土里與柳潭里地區(qū)常見的礦坑之中;他們認(rèn)為敵軍大部份都是以這種方式在白天躲藏起來,而不是像有些人認(rèn)為的在高地挖了掩體隱蔽。這些意見都轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)到(陸戰(zhàn)隊)航空隊手上。起初航空隊由于空中偵照都看不到在村莊中有任何部隊活動而對這項情報研判存疑,但是從老百姓得來的情報源原不斷,并且有北韓老百姓請求(陸戰(zhàn)隊)指揮官向村莊進(jìn)攻以趕走中共侵略者。
    在主補給線被切斷后,(美軍)才開始對緊貼道路以及荒野間的村莊大規(guī)模轟炸。結(jié)果完全證實了當(dāng)?shù)乩习傩盏恼f法。當(dāng)炸彈開始落在茅舍間時,中共士兵從房舍中四散涌出。但是空中觀察員發(fā)現(xiàn),這些士兵對于村莊房舍十分依賴,當(dāng)飛機投完炸彈,甚至還沒完全離開這個區(qū)域,剩下的中共士兵就又跑回半毀的房舍中。他們?nèi)藬?shù)非常集中,據(jù)估計一整個營的兵力可以擠入大約20間的小茅舍里。在原野間活動的陸戰(zhàn)隊巡邏隊也有相同的報告。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)敵人的主要部隊都是躲藏在村莊里,只在前方山頂工事部署少數(shù)警戒兵力。據(jù)稱空中攻擊炸坍了一個礦坑,估計里面大概容納了中共軍一個團的大部份兵力。從巡邏隊及各步兵連攻擊的目擊,再加上那些被俘后又被解救的美軍戰(zhàn)俘的報告中,可以證實中共軍在整個作戰(zhàn)期間是很有系統(tǒng)地利用這地區(qū)各種看來正常的人造掩蔽處。
    至于這種利用村莊做為大白天隱蔽處的手段是僅僅發(fā)生在此處,亦或是由于敵軍部隊沒有毯子、厚重大衣,而且只穿了網(wǎng)球鞋式的鞋子在零下的氣溫中行動所致,是很值得仔細(xì)考量的。當(dāng)然對那些沿著陸戰(zhàn)第一師主要補給線邊緣扎營,等了漫長的一個星期準(zhǔn)備把南撤的第一師困在陷阱中的中共部隊來說,因酷寒引起的傷亡必然十分可怕。在天候的鞭撻下,獵人自己變成了獵物,數(shù)以百計的中共士兵由于根本無法支撐而投降。許多因為酷寒而凍斃,身上半點子彈或彈片傷痕都沒有。有些投降的士兵四肢都凍壞了,有些告訴審訊人員他們有大半星期沒有食物可以果腹,他們?yōu)榱饲笊诹藘H能一人容身的坑洞,整個人擠到洞里,就像冬天的動物一樣,盡量不動以保持身體的體溫。這些士兵中有許多已經(jīng)無法拉動步槍槍機或甚至扣扳機,但是還是有相當(dāng)數(shù)目的士兵仍然有能力執(zhí)行阻絕的任務(wù),直到陸戰(zhàn)第一師各營將一條條脊線掃蕩乾凈讓車輛部隊能夠通過隘口為止。陸戰(zhàn)第一師使用逐步射擊運動的方式,在主要補給線兩旁把中共軍掃清了寬廣的帶狀地帶;該師比較南端的據(jù)點形成了相對于這些掃帚的畚斗,部份防衛(wèi)兵力也在主要縱隊往南前進(jìn)時同步配合向北進(jìn)擊,也因此將大量中共部隊圍困在他們本來要替陸戰(zhàn)隊準(zhǔn)備的死亡走廊中。陸戰(zhàn)隊突圍的行動看來進(jìn)展緩慢,讓焦慮(即使不是驚慌)的外界擔(dān)了不少心,但其真正的原因部份是由于天然環(huán)境地形造成的困難,再加上陸戰(zhàn)隊本身在攻擊之前總是不厭其煩地小心整頓和準(zhǔn)備可用的資源之故。
    在整個作戰(zhàn)期間,氣溫大部分在華氏20度與華氏零下20度之間變動,也有過一次積雪6英寸的暴風(fēng)雪,在某些地方由風(fēng)吹成的雪堆更高達(dá)5、6英尺深。有系統(tǒng)地使用掩護(hù)從置身于開闊荒野的敵軍所面臨由大自然和美軍無情地營造出的狀況看來,中共軍的主體在這周遭地區(qū)使用村莊做掩蔽并非只限一時一地的權(quán)宜之計。實際上,由于缺乏任何其他合乎邏輯的方法,這更支持了中共軍是有系統(tǒng)地使用村莊做掩蔽的假設(shè)。他們一定是以西方士兵所想像不到的密度躲在那些小屋中。由于除了是在洞窟或茂密森林地區(qū)外沒有任何其他地方可供躲藏,他們一定得將部隊在白天集中在緊鄰前進(jìn)主軸或是攻擊目標(biāo)的村落中。不論偽裝技術(shù)多高明,一支大部隊不可能躲在人為構(gòu)筑的工事中而不被一般空中偵照發(fā)現(xiàn)到。他們也不可能沿著嶺脊或山頭疏散而又能在極短期間有效地集中來攻擊更具機動性的敵軍。這些都不是人力所能為,而中共軍在韓國的行動也未曾顯露出有任何超人的能力。因此,讓這些部隊無法使用村莊做掩蔽看來應(yīng)該是可以用來打亂并癱瘓他們行動的重要步驟。不論是在那個季節(jié),把他們驅(qū)趕到開闊荒野,他們將會喪失有效的機動性。
    
    前進(jìn)路線
    真興里以北的臺地屬于針葉林帶,除了近年來重新種植數(shù)目的地段外,稀疏的樅樹與白楊樹多半長在山嶺的北面與西面。中共軍攻擊時通常是沿著能夠利用這些天然掩護(hù)的路線。當(dāng)中共的戰(zhàn)斗單位在這些林區(qū)停留較久時,他們有時會將這些樹在一半高度砍斷,將它們上截彎下提供較好的掩蔽。跟在攻擊第二步兵師時一樣,敵軍在攻擊陸戰(zhàn)第一師時也是沿著沖刷山溝的天然路徑,以及其平行的小徑與通路,滲入美軍的主要補給線。在接近過程中沒有半點隱藏的手法可言;他們有時用走的,有時小跑步,但都是以直立的姿勢前進(jìn)。在對同一目標(biāo)重復(fù)攻擊時,他們最初的前進(jìn)路線會變成一條被打得很慘的路線,但是他們使用火力的方法卻只有很少或甚至根本沒有變動;蛘呤怯捎谘a給物資過度匱乏,或者是由于缺少戰(zhàn)斗紀(jì)律,當(dāng)他們攻擊到看來快要成功的時候,往往會停下來擄掠并摧毀(美軍的)物資。在防御的時候,他們的主要戰(zhàn)術(shù)是依賴來自俯瞰嶺脊上的自動武器火力;他們的前衛(wèi)緊貼著山腳行動;當(dāng)美軍的攻擊部隊被從高地來的火力阻止時,只有極少數(shù)強悍的中共士兵會嘗試逼近到可以使用小型武器或手榴彈的有效距離。在攻擊時,他們不常翻越嶺脊線,而是沿著山腳繞一大圈。除了在少數(shù)發(fā)生于雙方進(jìn)行奪取控制高地的密接戰(zhàn)斗中的例子外,這個模式似乎一成不變。在這個作戰(zhàn)中,和第二步兵師在Kunu-ri作戰(zhàn)中的情形一樣,中共軍喜歡采用夜間攻擊,而當(dāng)被擋住或擊退時,會在黎明前撤退。他們夜間攻擊的戰(zhàn)術(shù)跟在《中共部隊的攻擊戰(zhàn)斗》報告中描述的沒有顯著差別,只是由于他們的攻勢都被陸戰(zhàn)第一師的防御部隊所解消,所以沒有發(fā)展到完全開展的階段。他們的攻擊總是一成不變地想以機槍火力盯住防御者,在其掩護(hù)下達(dá)成局部突入,然后再以沖鋒槍和手榴彈嘗試造成突破。在至少有六個戰(zhàn)例中,這種突穿得到初期局部的成功,但是進(jìn)一步的擴張戰(zhàn)果卻徒勞無功。更進(jìn)一步的擴張不是被陸戰(zhàn)隊支援武器對突破區(qū)投下綿密的火網(wǎng)所阻止,就是被逆襲的陸戰(zhàn)隊將中共軍逐退、奪回陣地。
    仔細(xì)分析這些戰(zhàn)斗行動,有五個案例中敵兵是傷亡于刺刀之下。陸戰(zhàn)第一師一直配備著刺刀,而且在陣地防御的時候總是上著刺刀的。不過,其中三人是被同一陸戰(zhàn)隊士兵所殺。由于插梢在酷寒之下凍結(jié),防御者很少使用手榴彈在這些戰(zhàn)斗中;而且如果士兵把手套脫掉來使用手榴彈,暴露時間過久的話往往會造成凍傷。
    
    中共軍的態(tài)度
    在整個作戰(zhàn)期間,敵軍對待美軍傷患的態(tài)度一直是不可解之謎而且在許多地方互相沖突。例如,當(dāng)從長津湖東岸將美軍傷患經(jīng)過湖面撤到下碣隅里地區(qū)時,中共士兵就站在離救傷隊不到100英尺的堤岸。但是整整兩天的時間內(nèi),當(dāng)美軍傷患或走或爬下堤岸走向安全地區(qū)時,他們沒有遭到任何射擊。替美軍工作的北韓本地人員可以走到東岸村落中美軍戰(zhàn)俘與中共士兵共處的屋內(nèi)。中共士兵并沒有嘗試要提供這些傷患任何食物或醫(yī)療服務(wù),不過如果這些傷患伸手去取食物或飲水,中共軍也不加干涉。這些北韓人員公開的在中共士兵面前向傷患傳遞紙條,上面寫著如何脫逃的步驟。中共軍并不傷害北韓人員,當(dāng)有些美軍傷兵遵照指示離開屋子時,他們也不阻止。另一方面,在許多案例中,當(dāng)他們攻擊路上的縱隊時,他們總是將火力集中在標(biāo)識著一個大紅十字的救護(hù)車,偏執(zhí)的程度甚至到了緊接著救護(hù)車前后的車輛都不會被波及到。
    
    美軍防御陣地的組織
    除了第七團F連不尋常的情形外,陸戰(zhàn)第一師的防御陣地都是以至少一個營基礎(chǔ)。在柳潭里,第五團和第七團被統(tǒng)合起來,構(gòu)成單一的防御陣地,并將所有炮兵、支援火力、及人員都包起來。這個防御措施有一點獨特的地方是,雖然組織十分復(fù)雜而且外在壓力極大,所有命令決策都是由兩個團長和他們的參三以會議的方式?jīng)Q定,在協(xié)調(diào)一致而毫無摩擦的情況下,才能維持這種防御的機構(gòu)。在主要補給線上的其他重要據(jù)點上,每個營防御陣地都是一個圍繞著炮兵與跑道的緊密“刺猬”陣地,可以面對360度作戰(zhàn),炮兵也都面向著敵人最可能用來前進(jìn)的山溝,隨時可以發(fā)射。戰(zhàn)斗巡邏和擔(dān)任攻擊任務(wù)的連從基地出擊時也只在基地炮兵有效射程內(nèi)活動。而且,在陣地外圍執(zhí)行任務(wù)的小部隊的活動范圍也被絕對限制在能夠與部隊主體保持無線電聯(lián)絡(luò)的距離。在布置這些陣地的時候,寬廣射界不是主要的考量因素,反而優(yōu)先挑選那些可以提供防御者最大交互支援的地形。陸戰(zhàn)第一師舍棄那些“可能”有助于長距離有效擊殺敵人的位置不用,反而將防御陣地建立于“必定”能在短距離擋住中共軍,并且保持陣地完整的位置。(防御陣地)都沒有過度展開。相反地,防御陣地集中緊密的程度讓他們能夠組織一支機動的局部預(yù)備隊。在始初階段,由于防衛(wèi)部隊人數(shù)較少,地形的影響,而且有納入機場跑道的必要,所以下碣隅里的陣地或許是這個通則的例外。不過,勤務(wù)部隊與事務(wù)人員等都在受到中共軍攻擊情況危急時,被用來堵住陣線上的漏洞,并做為局部的預(yù)備隊。雖然地面(凍結(jié))的狀況讓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的構(gòu)工工具一次只能敲開一小塊泥土,各陣地還是都挖得很深,各營營長更親自檢查了散兵坑及其他工事。值得特別注意的地方是,在少數(shù)中共軍成功地侵入防御陣地的例子中,都是由于時間太急迫、防御部隊來不及完成工事的地方。
    
    鐵絲網(wǎng)的使用及效果
    陸戰(zhàn)第一師將擁有的少量鐵絲網(wǎng)都盡可能地用來布置在各防御陣地上。蛇籠和雙層鐵絲網(wǎng)被布置來阻斷可能用作接近路徑的山溝,另外在某些地方用灌木堆和有刺植物補強,不過由于這一區(qū)樹木不多,能用的材料有限。絆腳線被布置在防御陣線的前面,當(dāng)可以弄得到警告焰火時,它們也都被用上。
    連級的作戰(zhàn)(分析)提供了中共軍對于這些鐵絲網(wǎng)障礙極度反應(yīng)的良好觀察,他們似乎對于要克服這些防御鐵絲網(wǎng)完全不太熱中。即使碰到的是拉在離地面18英寸的絆腳線,他們?nèi)匀粫O虏L試從其下爬過。這種反應(yīng)并非個人單兵,而是全面性的。同樣地,他們會嘗試要從蛇籠或雙層鐵絲網(wǎng)下爬過,而非先排除這些障礙。一名中尉的意見:“看起來他們好像對鐵絲網(wǎng)有種迷信似的恐懼,它每次都會把他們擋下來。”
    
    照明的使用
    在這次作戰(zhàn)中,相當(dāng)少有機會能研究當(dāng)中共軍進(jìn)行夜間攻擊時,從后方使用照明方法暴露其身影的效果。迫擊炮本來有充分供應(yīng)的炮彈來測試這種技巧,不幸的是照明彈都是屬于1944年生產(chǎn)的同一批有缺陷的彈藥,極度的酷寒也可能是造成啞彈的因素之一。平均說來,每四發(fā)照明彈中只有一發(fā)能燃燒。另一方面,中共軍的照明彈的光線要比我們的白得多,時間也短得多,卻幾乎達(dá)到了百分之百的燃燒率。由于這些原因,再加上士兵都以為中共軍的照明彈是我們自己的近發(fā)彈,在下碣隅里地區(qū)很快地就有命令停止發(fā)射照明彈 。不過,在少數(shù)使用照明彈,并且成功燃燒的例子中,明亮的光線對中共軍有遲滯的效果。
    
    防御的機制
    陸戰(zhàn)第一師在防御陣地之外更使用了警戒哨與聽音哨,使用的程度則視地區(qū)狀況和指揮官不同,每個基地也不相同。在柳潭里,有些排級兵力的警戒哨被派到主防御陣地之外1,000碼遠(yuǎn)的地方。小型聽音哨布置在前方約200到300碼的地段。完全沒有在毫無防備下被突擊的例子。通常在40到150碼的距離間可以辨識出中共軍。當(dāng)敵人在逼近途中用不錯的英文喊話時(這經(jīng)常發(fā)生 ),防御陣線上會對聲音來源開火。即使喊話者聲稱自己是陸戰(zhàn)隊自己人,并且說出自己的部隊番號,防御者仍然會開火。整個白天直到傍晚期間,陸戰(zhàn)隊會派出巡邏隊,主動巡邏可能接近陣地的路線。雖然這些巡邏隊也嘗試搜集敵軍的資訊,他們的主要目的是要對密切注意他們行動的中共軍表示,陸戰(zhàn)第一師不但沒有潰散現(xiàn)象,反而仍有相當(dāng)?shù)钠髨D心。這些巡邏隊通常是連級兵力,有時也使用加強排的兵力。根據(jù)狀況與目的不同,他們有時乘車,有時是步行的。這些巡邏行動通常不會遠(yuǎn)離主陣地超過1,500碼,不過在柳潭里的據(jù)點也有巡邏隊遠(yuǎn)達(dá)五英里的例子。巡邏隊總是在炮兵火力可及的范圍內(nèi)行動,隨隊行動的有一名炮兵前進(jìn)觀測官,而且,如果可能的話,空中再配備一架觀測機,以增強巡邏隊的觀測能力,并且協(xié)助他們與主據(jù)點間的通訊。陸戰(zhàn)第一師相信由于這些頻繁的巡邏行動,所以他們的主陣地在白天從來都沒有被小群的中共部隊騷擾過。那些進(jìn)入荒野地區(qū)的巡邏隊在許多時候都搜集到有關(guān)敵軍集中地區(qū)及即將發(fā)生的攻擊的情報。主防御陣地在夜間通常以一半警戒的方式輪更。每個容納兩人的散兵坑中,一人警戒、另一人休息,另外有巡哨人員逐一巡查各防御工事以便他們保持清醒。武器在這種零下的天氣下都被給予特別的保養(yǎng)(更詳細(xì)的討論見后)。以上是讓這個防御保持活力的一般戰(zhàn)術(shù)與警戒措施。
    要仔細(xì)描述武器的使用如何確保各防御陣地的完整性的話會超出本報告的范圍,因為這需要一步步地描述各連如何抵擋中共軍并且反擊的過程。不過,一部份連排長已經(jīng)提供了相當(dāng)數(shù)量的詳細(xì)戰(zhàn)斗過程資料,可以用來做一個簡短的評估。
    在整個作戰(zhàn)記錄中最為顯目的一點是,不論在什么時候步兵防線遇到直接突擊的時,所有的支援武器都能被快速而大量地投入到戰(zhàn)斗的焦點上。由迫擊炮、野戰(zhàn)炮,有時甚至包括了戰(zhàn)車炮所形成的火網(wǎng)會在中共軍有時間投入大量兵力以擴大戰(zhàn)果前把通路補起來。因此,中共軍的攻擊會被擊滅,突擊的第一波總是得不到后面的強力支援。這沒有什么極端或是不合常道的,各處的防御不過僅僅是充分利用了支援武器的優(yōu)勢,根據(jù)敵人攻擊展開的方式,以混合火力的形式來達(dá)到最大的效果。這不過是“照本宣科”的戰(zhàn)斗,而且其精度與威力更驗證了一項古老的事實,就是當(dāng)正確地使用武器的時候,一定都會成功(地發(fā)揮作用)。(有效支援火力)對于這些小而嚴(yán)密的“刺猬”陣地的防守者士氣的影響和對被它痛擊的中共軍士氣的影響是同樣的明顯。從古早以來,當(dāng)步兵和敵軍緊密交戰(zhàn)時,心理上總會覺得自己形單影只、孤立無援。但是從對陸戰(zhàn)第一師防守各個不同陣地士兵的訪談中,許多人都深為支援火力的靈活性與威力所鼓舞,讓他們覺得有“絕對的信心”可以擊退中共軍的攻擊。當(dāng)他們談到這些有系統(tǒng)的火力所帶來對士氣的影響時,他們并不是以一個陸戰(zhàn)隊員的身份來談?wù)摬筷牭膽?zhàn)法,而是以親身體驗戰(zhàn)斗恐怖的個人經(jīng)驗來談到自己的看法。
    陸戰(zhàn)第一師使用的方法是,在戰(zhàn)斗準(zhǔn)備和戰(zhàn)斗進(jìn)行中,各級連、排長不必?fù)?dān)負(fù)起準(zhǔn)備、計畫、并且導(dǎo)引重型支援火力的復(fù)雜工作。這些工作都由營級的支援武器中心(Supporting Arms Center)來執(zhí)行。原則上支援武器中心的協(xié)調(diào)官相當(dāng)于助理作戰(zhàn)官,負(fù)責(zé)攻擊及防御時的火力計畫。一般情形下,他在營作戰(zhàn)中心作業(yè);但當(dāng)在進(jìn)行陣地防御的時候,他的位置通常是在指揮中心或是作戰(zhàn)官的營帳中。當(dāng)在組織部署防御陣地時,他會伴隨著作戰(zhàn)官進(jìn)行初步偵察;這樣的話他會有機會熟悉陣線、了解重機槍火力的部署、并且觀察那些迫擊炮和大炮火力所必須壓制的接近路線。當(dāng)偵察結(jié)束后,前線陣地位置會被標(biāo)記在一張戰(zhàn)況圖上。然后他會告訴炮兵官哪些地方要行標(biāo)定射擊。這些標(biāo)定射擊是由前進(jìn)觀測官來執(zhí)行;當(dāng)標(biāo)定射擊完成后,這些資料會被傳給協(xié)調(diào)官,并且記錄在一張重疊在戰(zhàn)況圖的透明紙上。當(dāng)派出巡邏隊時,協(xié)調(diào)官會時時在圖上標(biāo)示他們的位置,以便能快速地提供支援火力。支援武器中心協(xié)調(diào)官通常是步兵軍官,他同時也跟戰(zhàn)術(shù)空中協(xié)調(diào)中心(Tactical Air Control Center)密切聯(lián)系,如果他的目標(biāo)同時也適合使用空中攻擊的話,可以很迅速而有效地進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)。陸戰(zhàn)第一師各營認(rèn)為他們支援火力在韓戰(zhàn)中的效率與組織性有一大部份要歸功于對支援武器中心作業(yè)的精益求精。各級對于這種作業(yè)技巧都十分熱中,尤其以各步兵連為最。
    
    攻擊的機制
    陸戰(zhàn)第一師在攻擊時的主要特徵是它細(xì)心地準(zhǔn)備各種武器的部署與協(xié)調(diào)的工作,以便幫助攻擊的連或營以最小的代價奪取目標(biāo)。在一般典型的狀況下,步兵連暫時地會被從高地來的熾密自動火力釘住無法動彈,而且從敵人部署的情形看來,防御火力會來自許多不同方向,攻擊線要持續(xù)前進(jìn)的話會產(chǎn)生重大傷亡。(我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中共軍通常以這種方式布置山頂?shù)年嚨兀貉刂巾數(shù)年嚨赝ǔJ潜容^不重要的,它們通常是用來分散敵人注意力,自動武器真正集中隱蔽的地方是在兩山之間的鞍部。)該步兵連會就地?fù)?jù)守并且呼叫迫擊炮火轟擊敵人位置。在這同時或是緊接在迫擊炮火之后,炮兵火力會轟擊敵人火力密集的位置,以及其后的嶺脊。通常有個空中管制官伴隨該步兵連。一些飛機已經(jīng)被召來現(xiàn)場,當(dāng)最后一發(fā)炮彈落下時,這些飛機會對同一敵人位置進(jìn)行空中攻擊。
    根據(jù)與中共軍陣地的距離遠(yuǎn)近,步兵會在飛機開始對地攻擊時,或者是最后一顆炸彈爆炸時開始向前突進(jìn)。陸戰(zhàn)第一師各級步兵單位和眾多支援火力在攻擊間的這種協(xié)調(diào)并非希罕或不尋常的特例。這是一般的程序。在北方的作戰(zhàn)中,很少有不遵循這樣的程序的例子。各連、營、團一次又一次的攻擊,都是根據(jù)同樣的模式。對一般士兵來說,這是他受到所有可能提供一臂之力的支援火力支援的最好證明。毫無疑問的這種對支援火力的信心對步兵的攻擊行動有非常正面的影響。這種混合了平射、曲射、以及垂直落下火力的互補增強的效果,無疑地要比各種火力單獨使用時殺死更多中共軍。不過,最主要的效果還是其對士氣的價值,特別是對攻擊中的步兵的鼓舞。攻擊的步兵連注意到的是,即使大量使用炮兵火力,并且能夠準(zhǔn)確地命中目標(biāo)區(qū),除了在落下爆炸時之外,并不能壓制中共軍的火力。當(dāng)炮擊停止時,中共軍的自動武器馬上就又開始射擊。
    不過如果是空中攻擊的話,對于防御者士氣的影響則有直接與顯著的不同。即使中共軍沒有被轟炸與掃射消滅,他們的陣地也會沈寂一陣。從次復(fù)一次的例子中看來,我們可以推論,似乎根據(jù)轟炸對防御者造成的實際損失與震撼程度的不同,防御者受到震撼不能回復(fù)的時間長度約在12至25分鐘之間。近接空中支援對士氣鼓舞的效果可以從陸戰(zhàn)第一師一名營長的話中驗證:“空中攻擊激起我們士兵新的氣力與決心的程度,不是親眼目擊再多的炮兵火力落下所能比擬的。士兵們看到飛行員們冒著極端的危險低飛攻擊,效果就像磁鐵一樣會讓他們被吸引著想再度攻擊前進(jìn)!痹S多其他連、排長也有類似的說法;他們對于這種鼓舞士氣的效果在許多戰(zhàn)術(shù)狀況下引起的結(jié)果有極為詳細(xì)的描述。
    有關(guān)于地面與空中的協(xié)調(diào)合作的案例以及導(dǎo)致其成功的作法的資料都已經(jīng)被搜集做為基本作戰(zhàn)研究之用,本研究報告也簡短地使用其中一部份,但并不詳細(xì)地描述討論,因為空軍的戰(zhàn)術(shù)作為不屬于本報告的范疇。
    
    行軍要求
    在陸戰(zhàn)第一師從下碣隅里向南的攻擊中,除了駕駛兵及車載武器的操作手外,所有能行動的人都下車步行,并且隨時都準(zhǔn)備擔(dān)任步兵的任務(wù)。它命令所有被棄置的車輛必須是完全無法修復(fù)的;只有在現(xiàn)場最高階的指揮官的許可下才能丟棄任何已經(jīng)損毀的車輛。今天,在整個師里,這道命令的發(fā)布與遵守已經(jīng)是他們引以為傲的重點之一。
    
    酷寒的影響
    陸戰(zhàn)第一師在真興里以北的作戰(zhàn)是近代所有美國部隊的作戰(zhàn)中,對于酷寒的氣候加諸人員、武器、裝備之上的效果提供了最好研究機會的一次。對于這個題目各個不同的面向,已經(jīng)搜集了大量的資料并且有部份整理過了。這可以導(dǎo)出一些概括的通則以及相當(dāng)程度特定的應(yīng)用。陸戰(zhàn)第一師和任何根據(jù)現(xiàn)行編裝表配備的美國師團一樣有相同程度的配備以遂行寒冷氣候下的戰(zhàn)斗。不但如此,它的規(guī)范更給予士兵個人在嚴(yán)寒下最大的生存機會,并且讓他不至于匱乏或受到嚴(yán)酷的考驗。帳棚隨軍攜帶,并且在戰(zhàn)斗狀況許可下盡量使用。不論是外圍警戒哨的士兵,或者是遠(yuǎn)離防御陣地長時間暴露在酷寒下進(jìn)行攻擊的部隊,一旦回到己方防線時,都會被輪派到有暖爐的營帳取暖。在這些營帳中他們能夠?qū)⒁m子烘乾,并且讓防寒鞋解凍。在那里還有熱咖啡和在滾水中加熱過的口糧罐頭供應(yīng)。傷患被安置在有暖爐的營帳。當(dāng)營帳開始爆滿時,那些輕傷的被輪替回防線上,不過為了怕他們傷勢惡化,傷勢時時都被檢查。由酷寒及過度消耗體力引起的重度休克或脫力的病患則可在有暖爐的營帳中休息24小時,然后就回到戰(zhàn)斗線上執(zhí)行任務(wù)。上面是他們所采取來在嚴(yán)酷氣候下維持部隊健康與戰(zhàn)力的一些措施。其結(jié)果可以總結(jié)如下:
    1、大約20%的士兵得到呼吸道的疾病,病癥從重感冒到肺炎都有。醫(yī)事人員認(rèn)為在這種狀況下算是相當(dāng)?shù)偷臄?shù)字。
    2、士兵“戰(zhàn)斗疲乏”以至于永遠(yuǎn)無法再執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)的病例少之又少,幾乎不構(gòu)成任何醫(yī)療上的問題。比較常發(fā)生的“休克”現(xiàn)象中,當(dāng)事人通常在休息24小時后都還可以回復(fù)服行勤務(wù)。
    3、該師有2700個非戰(zhàn)斗傷亡的傷患,其中大約2000人屬于凍傷傷患,在這之中,95%是足部凍傷。大部份手部凍傷的情形不算嚴(yán)重。耳朵凍傷的案例通常是因為個人不小心引起的。但是,在調(diào)查足部凍傷的原因時,史密斯將軍及麾下的指揮官和各團的軍醫(yī)問過許多士兵、排長、和其他人以了解來龍去脈,他們結(jié)果估計足部凍傷的傷患中只有20%能怪罪傷患個人粗心大意,80%得要歸因于作戰(zhàn)的狀況以及不適用的防寒鞋(見后面的注腳)。
    4、由于吃了半結(jié)凍的口糧罐頭,有很高比例的士兵發(fā)生腸胃癥狀以至于無法在火線上服勤。部隊普遍知道這個危險性,因此面包及餅乾類口糧成為最熱門的食物。在作戰(zhàn)最激烈的時候,火線上的士兵除了餅乾等外不吃別的。這證明了現(xiàn)行野戰(zhàn)口糧不足以提供在極端寒冷天候下部隊運動與作戰(zhàn)的需要。
    
    休克與疲乏
    當(dāng)陸戰(zhàn)隊開始向北推進(jìn)時,第一道寒流的效果讓一些軍醫(yī)非常震驚。在前線服勤數(shù)個小時后回到溫暖帳棚的部隊中,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)“許多人產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的休克反應(yīng)”。他們描述道:“數(shù)以百計的士兵來到醫(yī)護(hù)站,表現(xiàn)得有如經(jīng)歷迫擊炮和大炮猛烈轟擊過的士兵一樣。他們有很顯著的顫抖現(xiàn)象,但并非單純地因為寒冷而致。他們可以用興奮劑來治療。在比較不嚴(yán)重的病例中,一杯白蘭地加上一點爐火的熱量通常可以讓他們很快地回復(fù)過來。當(dāng)處于休克狀態(tài)時,這些人的心理與生理狀態(tài)都有顯著的改變。許多士兵茫然瞪視著空中,似乎對別人的話完全沒有反應(yīng)。有些人啜泣良久,卻一言不發(fā)。但是,過了幾天,當(dāng)部隊開始適應(yīng)這種極端的溫度后,我們注意到這種休克反應(yīng)癥狀的消退!奔词谷绱耍,再加上激烈的體力消耗,持續(xù)地嚴(yán)重影響個人的反應(yīng)機制,并且也對部隊造成了前所未有的問題。這種極限發(fā)生在陸戰(zhàn)第七團第一營的身上。當(dāng)他們越過荒野進(jìn)行夜間攻擊,試圖解救第七團F連的時候,在華氏零下20度的氣溫下,該營營長戴維斯中校發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然他的部隊仍然在和中共軍持續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗中,他自己卻似乎陷入什么都不想做的狀態(tài)?岷坪醢阉哪X子都凍住了,他不得不“對每個決定都再三檢視”,生怕自己在頭腦不清的情況下做出判斷。
    由于了解到他的士兵可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)個人體能的極限,他命令他們停止,準(zhǔn)備建立急速防御陣地。不過,在幾分鐘之內(nèi),他注意到寒冷的效應(yīng)已經(jīng)讓他的部隊“倦成一團”,所以他決定最好的辦法還是繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。他的部隊在深雪中跌跌撞撞越過許多脊線。在快要到達(dá)F連位置的最后一個山丘,當(dāng)他的部隊爬到山頂時,碰上中共軍據(jù)守的地區(qū)。開始交火后,戴維斯中校親身領(lǐng)隊投入戰(zhàn)斗。但是當(dāng)他手下各連到達(dá)山頂時,他看到隊伍先頭的人突然倒下,這種狀態(tài)感染了其他人,也像推骨牌一樣地連環(huán)倒下動彈不得。他們躺在地上“對于在四周橫飛的槍彈完全毫無所覺”,帶隊軍官或士官必須猛烈地?fù)u晃或是拉著他們,才能讓他們站起來。不過,當(dāng)他們打贏了高地這場戰(zhàn)斗,并且在山頂短暫地休息一陣后,當(dāng)清晨到來時整個營又能再度前進(jìn)。
    
    防寒鞋
    防寒鞋是陸戰(zhàn)第一師最為怪罪的東西,而且它也被認(rèn)為是該師非戰(zhàn)斗傷亡的主要原因。士兵、指揮官、以及醫(yī)療人員對它的一致批評是:在行進(jìn)或者攻擊前進(jìn)時,腳部會大量出汗。當(dāng)行進(jìn)無法持續(xù)而隊伍停止時,流的汗會沿著鞋子內(nèi)側(cè)鞋墊的邊緣結(jié)冰。在這個時候,除非能夠換掉襪子并且把鞋子弄乾,要不然無法保護(hù)足部不被凍傷。大部份時間里,在戰(zhàn)斗狀況下根本無法辦得到。
    
    酷寒下的武器
    在零下的低溫中,M1步槍、機槍、以及75mm無后座力炮的的性能表現(xiàn)仍然十分耐用良好。陸戰(zhàn)第一師各營對于后者都十分贊揚。他們認(rèn)為在山頂?shù)膽?zhàn)斗中無后座力炮是“不可或缺的”,士兵并不因為它“可能暴露己身位置”而不愿用它,所有人的報告都認(rèn)為它是非常有價值的戰(zhàn)斗武器,特別是在對付敵軍工事的時候;士兵們也對它特別鍾愛。當(dāng)用來對付掩體和其他炮位時,它的有效距離長達(dá)1,200碼。對它一致的看法是:“我們需要更多這種武器”。在零下低溫的戰(zhàn)斗中,105mm榴彈炮在發(fā)射后有時會花上兩分鐘才能完成復(fù)進(jìn)的程序,因此顯著地影響了發(fā)射速度。有關(guān)白朗寧自動步槍的報告明顯地好壞不一,有可能是由于在寒冷狀況下保養(yǎng)方法上的差異所引起的。陸戰(zhàn)第一團下的各營不使用擦槍油,用汽油洗槍已去除任何殘留的油漬,并且不時地開上幾槍以保持武器溫暖,他們沒有任何問題。另一方面,也有一些在同一團下的連,仍然使用薄薄的一層擦槍油,也不定時開槍保暖,但他們的武器卻也毫無問題。陸戰(zhàn)第七團F連的白朗寧自動步槍在持續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗中夜復(fù)一夜地故障失效,但到了白天檢查時卻又找不出問題所在,小心地保養(yǎng)也毫無幫助。其他單位也報告有相同的經(jīng)驗。不過,白朗寧自動步槍的操作性能平均說來仍然良好,而且使用它的士兵通常對它都有信心。在酷寒下性能上以及保養(yǎng)方法上的差異(在陸戰(zhàn)第一師及第二步兵師中都一樣)應(yīng)該顯示了需要對這武器進(jìn)一步地測試與實驗,以找出可能最佳的解決之道。陸戰(zhàn)第一師的指揮官及士兵們對卡賓槍沒有多少信心。一般的看法是當(dāng)卡賓槍被改良成全自動時,反而變得“太嬌貴”。陸戰(zhàn)第一師各步兵連中最好的記錄是大約有30%的卡賓槍會故障。當(dāng)士兵們有機會弄到M1半自動步槍時,他們會把卡賓槍盡快丟棄。也有人抱怨卡賓槍缺乏“制止力”。一些排長和班長談到曾經(jīng)在不到50英尺的距離打中中共士兵兩三槍,看到他咬牙皺眉,卻仍能繼續(xù)逼近來。整體來說,陸戰(zhàn)第一師各營對各種迫擊炮的操作性能非常滿意,其中部份單位對四二炮特別贊賞。他們覺得如果有更多這種炮的話效果會更好,特別是如果能將其輕量化以便移動,但仍能保持在短距離時同樣的爆炸威力的話。不過,不論是哪種口徑的迫擊炮,當(dāng)架在凍硬的地面以高速快放時,往往會“把自己打壞”。最會出問題的地方是炮座底板,不是扭曲變形,要不就是龜紋斷裂。高度調(diào)整螺絲也會在酷寒中松動,并且很快就銹蝕。資料中也發(fā)現(xiàn)擊針非常容易斷裂,以至于彈藥營不得不就地取材制造。四二炮在這些問題方面比輕型迫擊炮要少得多。炮管方面,沒有爆裂的現(xiàn)象,但是槍械士發(fā)現(xiàn)由于寒冷的關(guān)系,炮彈尾翼在炮膛上留下的刮痕似乎較深,也導(dǎo)致過度的炮口焰。在整個作戰(zhàn)中使用迫擊炮最多的應(yīng)該是陸戰(zhàn)第一團,例如,連著14晚,60炮整夜持續(xù)發(fā)射。在作戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時,這個團里所有的迫擊炮都必須被全部或部份地更換,沒有任何一具是還在安全的操作狀況。
    陸戰(zhàn)第一團也用汽油來洗機槍。機槍的潤滑油在酷寒下會變得非常黏滯,直到變暖前會讓槍機動作變慢。不論周圍狀況如何,重機槍每20至30分鐘就得發(fā)射一陣,以保證能夠運作。在這武器中的抗凍劑可以承受大約零下30度的溫度,但是它只保護(hù)了槍管,槍管延伸部、槍機、以及緩沖組件都沒有保護(hù)。金屬部份會結(jié)霜,會把整支槍凍得結(jié)結(jié)實實;因此定時地開上幾槍是必需的。3.5寸火箭筒的彈藥在最冷的幾天里都凍裂了,根據(jù)對它了解的人的說法,它們本來應(yīng)該能夠抵抗零下20度的低溫的。士兵們嘗試著將它們埋在凍土層以下來保護(hù)它們,但是這努力并沒有成功。史密斯少將注意到直升機在這種寒冷稀薄的空氣中的浮力減弱不少,降落時往往會從離地10英尺處重重落下。至少有一架直升機就是因此而毀損的。另外,在空投物資時,貨包中有很高的比例,大約十分之一,會在降落傘能夠展開前就跟傘包脫離。這不知道到底是不是因為寒冷氣候加上高度的關(guān)系,還是有其他因素。不過,在柳潭里據(jù)點這種垂直掉落的彈藥包中,士兵們發(fā)現(xiàn)炮彈如果是裝在木箱中的話,幾乎都還可以回收使用,但是如果是裝在金屬箱里的彈藥的話,會毀損得無法使用。
    
網(wǎng)友評論(15102007)2013-02-21 18:11


    一直想為五十年前在朝鮮戰(zhàn)死的中國人寫幾句話。
    
    
    半個世紀(jì)風(fēng)雪過去了,反思那場戰(zhàn)爭的得失現(xiàn)在更多了,說什么的都有,什么樣的面孔都有。很多人沒有意識到,在這里,一切婉轉(zhuǎn)和掩蓋都是不必要的。如何看待那些在寒冷的冰面上沖鋒和烈火的山頭阻擊的中國人,在根本的意義上,是現(xiàn)代中國人做人的底線。復(fù)雜的,在這里是簡單。這當(dāng)然不是說有關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)討論沒有正當(dāng)性。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭有沒有負(fù)面的后果?世界上沒有一維的存在。比如說弱者依靠頑強的精神力量戰(zhàn)勝困難的巨大成就,大概也有力的推進(jìn)了毛澤東對群眾運動和"精神原子彈"的執(zhí)迷,從這里說去也是他后來的一系列窮革命運動的一個信念來源。再比如不管我們今天如何向美國人發(fā)誓我們離強大還差得遠(yuǎn),都不可能讓他們放心。經(jīng)過朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭后我們已經(jīng)不得不為聲名所累,不得不為美國頑固的擔(dān)憂和遏制付出代價。我們已經(jīng)不可能再當(dāng)麥克阿瑟眼中的紙老虎、幻想讓韜光養(yǎng)晦的計謀得以瞞天過海。還可以數(shù)出很多這樣的負(fù)面后果,它們在自己的角度上看都是真實的。
    
    
    但是,且讓我們的腳向上抬一尺,再上一層樓。
    
    
    讓目光將民族、國家和五百年江河日下的歷史收在眼底……
    
    
    我們看到了什么?
    
    
    中國這本書在被世界打開之后,歷史的每一頁都在證明我們是劣等的黃色人種中的劣等民族。不需要在這里歷數(shù)那數(shù)不清的屈辱篇章,最后的結(jié)果是,作為國家所經(jīng)歷的一切衰亡,在世人眼里意味著關(guān)于每一中國人的特質(zhì)的判斷:在智力、精神、體質(zhì)、心靈等等的一切方面,中國人本質(zhì)上是低下的、奴性的、膽怯的、虛弱的、自私的。當(dāng)每一個黃臉的中國人面對著西方人時,他都背負(fù)著這樣的民族國家的命運給他烙下的這個先天判斷,想把自己個人和民族分割開來的一切努力都是可笑的。不僅僅是敵人,就是中國人的西方同情者和朋友,也對中國人的精神狀態(tài)抱著負(fù)面的評價。所以麥克阿瑟將中國當(dāng)時的一切警告視為虛張聲勢的恫嚇時,他其實是有理由的,就像李奇微所描述的,"麥克阿瑟動輒壓制批評他的人,斥責(zé)他們根本'不懂得東方人的思想'"。麥克阿瑟是懂得他眼睛中長期存在的那種東方人的。他有充分根據(jù)藐視懦弱的中國人的言辭,因為即使赤色中國真的愚蠢地出兵,那將只是為他們創(chuàng)造了回到石器時代的機會,F(xiàn)在我們知道了,事實是麥克阿瑟
    
    
    "自己在判斷敵人意圖時,卻完全誤入歧途",事實是萬眾視之若神的麥帥以最大的跟頭結(jié)束了他的戎馬生涯。但有多少人意識到了,晚節(jié)不保的麥克阿瑟所代表的轉(zhuǎn)折性的歷史意義,和對我們每一個中國人的生命意義?
    
    
    數(shù)百年里第一次為我們每一中國人抹去了那種黑色胎記的,是那些藐視一切、膽大妄為、勇往直前的志愿軍將士。是他們證明了懂得東方人的麥克阿瑟們不懂得東方人。許多西方歷史書專門描述了他們化裝成南韓軍隊大搖大擺地向美軍哨兵槍口行進(jìn),并蒙混過關(guān)將敵營一舉拿下的戰(zhàn)例。有哪些怯弱的人能受得住那向槍口行進(jìn)中的心跳?有誰曾相信死氣沉沉的黃種人可以演出這樣的神奇活劇?所以,每一個要自尊的中國人,和民族一體,在五十年前重新出生了。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭不僅是人們說的中國的"立國之戰(zhàn)",它還是我們每一個愿意當(dāng)中國人東方人的個體的重新定義之戰(zhàn)。這不僅僅指在西方人的眼里、在西方的價值體系中的地位,中國人曾經(jīng)也不相信自己有這樣的精神狀態(tài)和能力,自己認(rèn)同那種先天判斷的中國人曾經(jīng)不是少數(shù)。沒有朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭,中華人民共和國將會被廣泛認(rèn)為是由愚民所組成的叁流國家,她在世界民族之林中的資格是沒有證明的。日本根本上是被美國和蘇聯(lián)擊敗的,中共1949年的勝利只是以國民黨軍隊為坐標(biāo),這在美國人那里是不算數(shù)的。只有通過世界的,當(dāng)代最嚴(yán)厲的考驗,中國人的武裝力量那中國男人的精神力量的集中體現(xiàn)才能讓我們在世界的席位上安然入座。
    
    
    有人說過,任何民族在走向復(fù)興的道路上,沒有精神的復(fù)興是不可能的,朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭為中華民族的復(fù)興和強大提供了這樣的最有力的精神支持。在"中國精神的百年跨越"一文中,我寫道:
    
    
    "然后我想起朝鮮戰(zhàn)場上的中國血。當(dāng)今天的庸人們在為每一筆得失糾纏時,一切其實都是再清楚不過的事情。這是中國人第一次使用列強'同樣的說話方式來贏得他們的尊重'。這回是美國的將軍稱中國人為勇士。當(dāng)中國今天還這樣站立著,是因為黃繼光在前面,是因為中國當(dāng)年在上甘嶺站立著。我們今天每時每刻都在感受到他們的尊嚴(yán)。這就是為什么印度人開航空母艦美國人可以熟視無睹,中國人卻是模擬戰(zhàn)中的惡夢。因為軍事推理的前提來自近五十年前的長津湖和漢江雪:如果這樣的士兵掌握了和我們同樣的技術(shù)裝備將會怎么樣?"
    
    
    李奇微說:"要不是我們擁有強大的火力,經(jīng)常得到近距離空中支援,并且牢牢地控制著海域,中國人可能已經(jīng)把我們壓垮了。"這就是那些在朝鮮殊死而戰(zhàn)的中國人,他們改變了中國的位置,他們改變了我們的面孔,他們對我們每一個中國人有恩,他們給我們留下了無窮的精神財富,他們所獲得的,超越了一切其他得失的評判。那些死在寒冷和烈火中的志愿軍將士,是中國在世界史上死得最有價值的中國人。我們誰有資格去"憐憫"這些英雄的生命的喪失?真正珍視他們生命的價值的,是堅持他們?yōu)橹I(xiàn)身的那種精神財富。借口志愿軍死傷重大而言他的人,其實沒有必要掩飾自己的靈魂。在這里,人的內(nèi)心陰陽晨暮,均洞若觀火。這是因為那生和死筑成的分水嶺,是國家和人的價值的標(biāo)尺,是人心的明鏡。當(dāng)你聽到有人恣意嘲笑志愿軍的時候,你只能感到對這些不具有基本的羞恥感的懦夫們的厭惡和憐憫。這種人只有叁種可能:或者是極端的愚昧,或者是極端的奴性,或者兩種兼而有之。曾經(jīng)有一位以"忠貞報國"和"民主自由"的口號來為林彪翻案的人,在同一篇文章里嘲弄志愿軍不怕死是"愚昧"。你我只能為他也是黃種人也能講中文而感到極大遺憾。除了與之割席而坐,你別無選擇。在中華民族國家和人的歷史長河中,朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭是鳳凰迎風(fēng)更生的火焰。
    
    
    中國人感謝為恢復(fù)國家和人的尊嚴(yán)而燃燒的志愿軍將士們。
    
網(wǎng)友評論(15102007)2013-02-21 18:13


    可算轉(zhuǎn)完了·
    媽呀·
    我自己都不想再看了·
    
網(wǎng)友評論(10922820)2013-02-21 18:19


    好長,先留名
    
網(wǎng)友評論(1157008)2013-02-21 18:21


    主樓的東西看完往下一拖還有這么多就嚇跑了,也就4樓的仔細(xì)看了看
    我說樓主你不寫點自己的感想啥的嗎?
    
網(wǎng)友評論(1213204)2013-02-21 18:25


    建議進(jìn)微民網(wǎng)博物館!!!!!!
    
網(wǎng)友評論(585000)2013-02-21 18:26


    最后那里太燃了!
    
網(wǎng)友評論(9438500)2013-02-21 18:27


    我一看右邊進(jìn)度條的長度就想求總結(jié)了、。、、
    
網(wǎng)友評論(473273)2013-02-21 18:29


    我就想起了以前那篇著名的“他們像一群原木在移動”
    
    
    他們象一群原木在移動
    
     三年前的冬天,我送女兒去加拿大留學(xué),來到埃德蒙頓市附近的一個叫阿爾伯特的小城。這大概是只有幾萬人口的小城吧。到達(dá)之后的第三天,房東對我說,附近“必勝客”匹薩店的老板想請我吃飯。
    
     “他請我吃飯做什么?我又不認(rèn)識他!蔽腋械狡婀帧
    
     房東說:“我的女兒杰恩在‘必勝客’打工。也許我們這里是個小地方,見到中國人好奇吧,總之老板很想見您。他是一個很和藹的老頭兒,在這里生活幾十年了,鄰里們都很喜歡他。你就去見見他吧!”
    
     “好吧!蔽掖饝(yīng)了。兩天后的中午,房東陪著我和女兒應(yīng)邀赴宴。
    
     1月,正是阿爾伯特最寒冷的季節(jié),零下二三十度,奇冷無比。出門一會兒,臉、手和腳丫子就凍得生疼。從北京來時,我們倒是買了厚厚的羽絨大衣、手套和棉皮鞋,但是,到了這里不太管用。
    
     “必勝客”店離我們的住地大約有一公里遠(yuǎn)。我建議走著去,正好讓女兒體驗一下加拿大的雪景和嚴(yán)寒。
    
     我們仨人,在冰雪中的小路上小心地走著,穿過冰凍的小河,一步一滑,前俯后仰。一會兒,臉上、手和腳指頭就沒感覺了。女兒看見這么美麗潔白的冰雪世界,興奮異常,一邊走著,跑著,一邊玩著雪,還摔了幾跤,引得我們哈哈大笑。
    
     遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地就看見老板在店門口站著,腰板挺直。老板有70多歲了,面色紅潤,看來身體還不錯。他中等個,穿著深咖啡色的西裝,扎著深紅色的領(lǐng)帶,滿臉笑容,非常謙恭的樣子。
    
     我們打著招呼,握手的時候,我感覺到他的手指有些涼,想必他在門口等了一些時候了。他走路的樣子有點別扭,像個小腳老太太。
    
     與洋人一起就餐就那么回事兒。一人一盤匹薩餅、一個大沙拉,每個人都規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地坐著,每個人都人模人樣地端著,每個人都拿著刀叉吃著,每個人都客客氣氣地說著。老板依然滿臉笑容,非常謙恭的樣子。
    
     他說,今天能見到我這樣一個中國軍人非常非常高興。他用了“非常非!边@樣的詞。
    
     他說,他叫約翰,原來是美國人。早年當(dāng)過兵,參加過 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭;后來就回國了;再后來就娶了一個加拿大姑娘;再再后來就在這個小城里開了一家“必勝客”的連鎖店,幾十年就這么過去了。這就是他的故事,很簡單。
    
     我與老板寒暄著,說著那些客套的話,說著那些與每一個洋人都可以說的,甚至是裝出來的那些話。最后,我送給他一盒中國茶葉作為答謝,他捧在手里一再表示“非常非!备吲d,“非常非!毕矚g,也“非常非!备兄x。
    
     一頓飯就這樣吃完了。
    
     回家的路上,房東告訴我,幾十年了,老板還從來沒有像今天這么高興過。
    
     不久,女兒的一切都安頓好了,我要回北京了。臨走前的一天,我忽然接到約翰打來的電話。他說,希望能再見我一面,希望能邀請我去酒吧喝酒,如果我愿意的話。
    
     我有些奇怪,但盛情之下,只好答應(yīng)了,就當(dāng)是練一把英語得了,心里只是覺得這個洋人老板也太盛情了,我一個過路客,值得如此這般熱情嗎?
    
     那天,女兒要做作業(yè),房東也有事。于是,下午5點多鐘,我就自己去了。
    
     還是那樣奇冷無比的冰雪天,還是那條一步一滑的冰雪路,還是穿過那條冰凍的小河,只是天早早地就擦黑了。我老遠(yuǎn)就看見了老約翰,還是那樣笑容滿面地在店門口的燈光下等我,還是那一身西裝,還是腰板挺直,走起路來怪怪的樣子。
    
     我們一起走進(jìn)了“必勝客”店隔壁的一家酒吧。可能是因為天氣太冷了,酒吧里人不太多。我發(fā)現(xiàn),人一喝酒,外語能力就提高了,一點語言障礙都沒有。
    
     下面是我們在酒吧里聊天的回憶記錄:約翰說:“我終于又見到您了,太高興了。50年了,我一直在等這一天!
    
     我很驚訝:“我們以前并沒有見過面啊!
    
     “我們見過,在朝鮮,50年前!奔s翰十分肯定地說。
    
     “哦?”我更奇怪了。
    
     “50年了,我一直想再見到你們。我非常敬佩你們!薄安,也許您記錯了,那不是我!边@老頭兒怎么啦?我更疑惑了。
    
     約翰說:“不,我沒記錯,那是你們!薄斑@……從何說起呢?”我問。約翰開始講述他畢生難忘的親身經(jīng)歷———
    
     “那是1950年12月,很快就要過新年了。當(dāng)時,我是美軍某連的一名士兵,我們已經(jīng)打到離鴨綠江只有幾十公里遠(yuǎn)的地方,戰(zhàn)爭很快就要結(jié)束了。”
    
     “北朝鮮的冬天太可怕了,山里的風(fēng)非常大,夾著大雪,整天下個不停,整個世界都被凍住了,我們只有待在屋里才能活下來。”
    
     “一天晚上,我們的連隊住在一個叫××××的小山村里(他說了一個很奇怪的地名,我沒記住)。寒冷凍得我怎么也睡不著。我剛剛躺下一會兒,突然,屋外響起了激烈的槍聲和爆炸聲。
    
     “我從窗口向外看去,天上有照明彈,前方有你們的中國士兵在沖鋒,他們一群一群地從樹林里沖出來,他們在樹林里不知躲藏了多長時間,他們像僵硬的原木在移動……您知道什么是原木嗎?log,log,原木,僵硬的,unprocessedwood,被采伐成一節(jié)一節(jié)的木頭。”約翰不斷地在重復(fù)著。
    
     “小山村的前面有條小河,十多米寬,河水不深,河上的冰已經(jīng)被我們的炮火炸碎了,河水冒著水汽在緩緩地流淌;你們的中國士兵正在淌水過河;上岸后,他們的兩條褲腿很快就被凍住了,他們跑得很慢,因為他們的褲腿被凍住了不能彎曲。我們的火力很猛,他們的火力很弱,而且沒有炮火掩護(hù),槍好像也被凍住了。他們像僵硬的原木在移動……”
    
     約翰不斷地重復(fù)著這句話,他接著說———
    
     “我們的火力很猛,我們有坦克、大炮,我們用卡賓槍、機關(guān)槍和大炮向他們射擊,他們一個一個像原木一樣地倒下,可他們總是不斷地又有人沖向前、沖過河;然后,他們一個一個地又像原木一樣地倒下,然后他們又不斷地有人沖向前、沖過河;炮火中,你們的士兵仍然在沖鋒。我們的火力很強,但無法阻止他們,他們像僵硬的原木在移動……不斷地涌過河,沖上岸,撲向我們。小河里,河岸上,躺滿了一片一片的尸體,那些尸體像滿地的原木一樣橫七豎八著,是僵硬的……”
    
     “凍得晶瑩剔透的冰雪世界驟然破碎了,大地在震動,河水在跳躍,硝煙染黑了白色的世界。雪夜中,火光一片,槍聲一片,喊聲一片,血光一片;空氣中也彌漫著硝煙的味道,冰雪在燃燒,河水紅了,潔白的冰雪也紅了……他們像僵硬的原木在移動……”
    
     我被約翰不斷重復(fù)的這句話驚呆了,也被他說的這種場景驚呆了。約翰的眼神發(fā)直,手在顫抖,兩眼緊緊地盯著我,一張僵硬扭曲的臉。
    
     約翰說不下去了,他低下了頭。好一會兒,他抬起頭,兩眼直勾勾地盯著我。須臾,他喝了一大口酒,說,“那天晚上,我被那個像僵硬的原木在移動的場面驚呆了,被那些不畏死亡的士兵的靈魂震撼了,這,太可怕了。”稍停片刻,約翰說:“我當(dāng)時就知道,這是一場沒有勝利希望的戰(zhàn)爭!
    
     約翰告訴我,后來,他們被包圍了,再后來,他們就逃出去了,只逃出來十幾個人,逃到了幾十公里之外的冰雪世界中去了。他說:“那天晚上,我凍掉了7個腳指頭!
    
     我這才明白他走路時,為什么一副怪怪的樣子。
    
     他說,后來,他被送到了東京,再后來,他被送回了美國,再再后來,他來到了加拿大……
    
     我仔細(xì)地聽著,每一個單詞,我都聽懂了;每一個句子,我都記住了:“天上有照明彈,前方有你們的中國士兵在沖鋒,他們一群一群地從樹林里沖出來,他們在樹林里不知躲藏了多長時間,他們像僵硬的原木在移動……他們像原木一樣倒下,然后他們又有人沖上來了,他們的褲腿凍得像原木一樣不能彎曲,他們不斷地涌過河,沖上岸,撲向我們。他們像僵硬的原木在移動。”
    
     約翰十分不解:“他們?yōu)槭裁磿敛晃窇值厝ミx擇死亡?他們都很年輕呵。50年了,我一直不明白!奔s翰問我,也像是在問他自己。接著,他又說:“50年了,我一直不明白,世界上怎么會有這樣一種不畏死亡的精神?世界上怎么會有這樣一群勇敢的靈魂?你們的軍隊究竟憑什么呢?”
    
     我說:“約翰先生,您可能很難理解,這支軍隊生來如此!蔽宜妓髌,說:“這支軍隊剛誕生的時候甚至連槍都沒有,他們的第一支槍是拿著自己的刀和棍棒從敵人手里奪來的,他們的敵人有槍和大炮,有飛機,他們沒有這些。不但沒有,他們還經(jīng)常吃不飽,常常被凍死。該有的,他們幾乎都沒有。但是,他們就是這么走過來的。”
    
     約翰靜靜地聽著。我接著說:“您剛才講得非常準(zhǔn)確:‘天上有照明彈,他們像僵硬的原木在移動,他們像原木一樣倒下,他們的后面又有人沖上來了,他們的褲腿凍得像原木一樣不能彎曲,他們在強大的火力打擊下沖鋒陷陣……’這,就是這支軍隊的全部歷史。因為,他們知道,不怕死,這支軍隊還可能有生的希望;怕死,這支軍隊連生的希望都沒有了,所以,他們從誕生的那天起就孕育了這種不怕死的精神,否則,這支軍隊早就死了,真的,早就死了。他們沒有別的選擇。”
    
     我有些按捺不住,也有些激動。我說:“您可能還不知道,約翰先生,這支軍隊一輩子打的所有的仗,都是一百個理由都不能打的仗;他們所進(jìn)行的所有的戰(zhàn)爭,都是一千個理由都必死無疑的戰(zhàn)爭; 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭,那更是一萬個理由都打不贏的戰(zhàn)爭!因為他們的對手是世界頭號軍事強國———美國+16國聯(lián)合國軍,而且,這個軍事強國還剛剛在日本扔了兩顆原子彈,還準(zhǔn)備在朝鮮和中國再扔幾十個原子彈呢。按一般的戰(zhàn)爭概念,這是一場輸定了的戰(zhàn)爭,但是,這支軍隊打勝了。”
    
     我喝了一口酒,說:“您可能不知道,約翰先生,這支軍隊最高統(tǒng)帥的兒子與普通士兵一樣,就是您說的那些移動的僵硬的原木,最后都埋在了朝鮮的冰雪中了。他們輸過不止一次的戰(zhàn)斗,也輸過不止一次的戰(zhàn)役,他們死了很多很多的人。但是,他們從來沒有怕過,從來沒有屈服過。就是憑這個精神,他們最后總是贏得了勝利。”
    
     約翰目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地望著我,我問:“您剛才不是問,這支軍隊?wèi){什么嗎?就憑這種精神。他們沒有空軍,沒有大炮,沒有原子彈,他們常常吃不飽、穿不暖……可他們就是這么打過來的。后來,這支軍隊有了自己的坦克、大炮、飛機、原子彈……也是憑這個。這支軍隊的歷史就這樣。真的,約翰先生,您感到很奇怪嗎?這是一種您很難理解的東方民族精神,也是您很難理解的另一種軍隊的精神。”
    
     “這,太不可思議了!”約翰直搖頭。他說:“麥克阿瑟將軍當(dāng)時說,中國軍隊是很容易打敗的,歷史上都是這樣!
    
     我說:“是的,一百多年來,中國軍隊經(jīng)歷過很多次一敗涂地的戰(zhàn)爭,這是我們軍隊永遠(yuǎn)忘不了的奇恥大辱。不過,參加 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的這支中國軍隊是一個例外,他們完全不同于中國歷史上的任何一支中國軍隊。因為這支軍隊有著中國軍隊歷史上從來不曾有過的獨特的靈魂:一個不怕鬼的靈魂。正像您親眼看到的那樣,他們不畏死亡,他們像原木在移動。”稍停片刻,我說:“中國軍隊的確不是世界最強大的軍隊,但是,中國軍隊的確是世界上最難戰(zhàn)勝的一支軍隊。難道 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭不是改寫了中國軍隊的屈辱歷史嗎?難道那次戰(zhàn)爭不是這支軍隊最輝煌的戰(zhàn)績嗎?兩支實力對比異常懸殊的軍隊,兩個不是同一技術(shù)時代的國家,一場必死無疑的戰(zhàn)爭,沒有空軍,沒有海軍,中國士兵甚至在冰雪中穿著單衣……但是,他們始于鴨綠江,止于三八線。他們什么都憑不上!就是憑那個不怕鬼的精神!其他什么都不算!這個不怕鬼的精神為這支軍隊所獨有……”
    
     “什么叫鬼?”約翰問我。我為難了:“就是那些很可怕的東西,誰都怕,比如原子彈,比如特別厲害的武器或特別厲害的軍隊什么的。”
    
     約翰似乎不太明白。我解釋道:“鬼,是我們東方的一個精神概念,世界上一切讓人們都害怕的東西,我們都稱之為鬼。中國人和中國軍隊原來是很怕鬼的,怕了一百多年了,見鬼就怕,見了西方的堅船利炮就怕得要死。從1840年的第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭開始,我們的軍隊每戰(zhàn)每敗,敗得一塌糊涂,一敗涂地;結(jié)果,越打就越怕鬼,越怕鬼就越多,越怕越挨鬼打,越怕越是輸。中國軍隊的那點自尊和自信早就輸光了,見鬼就嚇跑了。一百多年來,中國軍隊一直找不到北,一直找不到自己的生路到底在哪里。最后,我們輸?shù)镁椭挥袊標(biāo)肋@一條路了。后來,中國出了一個不怕鬼的人,他親手締造和培育了這支不怕鬼的軍隊,正是這支不怕鬼的軍隊,打了一輩子不怕鬼的仗。從那次始于鴨綠江,止于三八線的 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭中,中國軍隊找到了自己的尊嚴(yán),洗雪了自己的百年屈辱……這就是關(guān)于中國軍隊不怕鬼的故事!
    
     “來!喝酒,干杯!”約翰興奮地與我碰杯。我一口氣干掉了一大杯白蘭地。
    
     約翰說:“50年了,我一直忘不了那個原木在移動的夜晚,一直忘不了那些不畏死亡的靈魂,并且,我一直被那支不解的東方軍隊的靈魂所困擾,我一直想再見到你們,我一直想知道,那是一個什么樣的靈魂?”
    
     我不想說了,我沒話說了。我真不知道該如何向一個洋人老頭兒說明,什么叫中國軍隊的靈魂?那是一個怎樣的靈魂?……唉,這個洋人老頭兒,喝酒就喝酒吧,扯什么靈魂呢?
    
     酒吧里就剩下我們兩個人了。
    
     突然,約翰問我:“你們軍隊有軍歌嗎?”
    
     “當(dāng)然。”我說。
    
     “您能唱給我聽聽嗎?”
    
     “這很重要嗎?”我問。
    
     “是的,我想聽聽一支軍隊靈魂的聲音!
    
     “OK!”我毫不猶豫地答應(yīng)了,并忘情地唱了起來———
    
     向前,向前,向前!
    
     我們的隊伍向太陽,腳踏著祖國的大地,背負(fù)著民族的希望,我們是一支不可戰(zhàn)勝的力量。我們是工農(nóng)的子弟,我們是人民的武裝,從無畏懼,絕不屈服,英勇戰(zhàn)斗,直到把反動派消滅干凈,毛澤東的旗幟高高飄揚。聽!風(fēng)在呼嘯軍號響,聽!革命歌聲多么嘹亮!同志們整齊步伐奔向解放的戰(zhàn)場,同志們整齊步伐奔赴祖國的邊疆,向前,向前!我們的隊伍向太陽,向著最后的勝利,向著全國的解放!約翰默默地聽著,臉上沒有了微笑,很肅穆的樣子。
    
     …………
    
     三年多過去了,那晚的激情早已成為遙遠(yuǎn)的過去。我偶爾還會給約翰發(fā)個E-mail,說幾句問候的話,倒是約翰常常給我發(fā)來E-mail,說,還想再見到我,還想和我一起喝酒、聊天,還想聊聊關(guān)于中國軍隊靈魂的故事。洋人就是這樣一根筋!
    
     倒是我與朋友們聚會時,偶爾也會說起那個關(guān)于原木在移動的故事,聽的人都當(dāng)聽段子一般,大家還挺詫異:“他們怎么不懂戰(zhàn)術(shù)呢?工兵怎么不提前架橋呢?為什么不使用坦克大炮呢?”
    
     “他們怎么不懂戰(zhàn)略呢?明明是不對稱就別打嘛,不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵,善之善也……”
    
     有時候,我也回想起那個關(guān)于原木在移動的故事。每當(dāng)我回味那些早已逝去的靈魂時,感覺真好,一下子就像換了一個人似的……
    
網(wǎng)友評論(16236956)2013-02-21 18:29


    這有點略長了
    
網(wǎng)友評論(18532505)2013-02-21 18:29


    Reply Post by 索林·橡木盾 (2013-02-21 18:11):
    
    一直想為五十年前在朝鮮戰(zhàn)死的中國人寫幾句話。
    
    
    半個世紀(jì)風(fēng)雪過去了,反思那場戰(zhàn)爭的得失現(xiàn)在更多了,說什么的都有,什么樣的面孔都有。很多人沒有意識到,在這里,一切婉轉(zhuǎn)和掩蓋都是不必要的。如何看待那些在寒冷的冰面上沖鋒和烈火的山頭阻擊的中國人,在根本的意義上,是現(xiàn)代中國人做人的底線。復(fù)雜的,在這里是簡單。這當(dāng)然不是說有關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)討論沒有正當(dāng)性。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭有沒有負(fù)面的后果?世界上沒有一維的存在。比如說弱者依靠頑強的精神力量戰(zhàn)勝困難的巨大成就,大概也有力的推進(jìn)了毛澤東對群眾運動和"精神原子彈"的執(zhí)迷,從這里..
    
    我覺得你這段話能讓所有給朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭里志愿軍抹黑的人閉嘴了。
    
網(wǎng)友評論(2209667)2013-02-21 18:40


    Topic Post by 索林·橡木盾 (2013-02-21 18:09):
    
    一些排長和班長談到曾經(jīng)在不到50英尺的距離打中中共士兵兩三槍,看到他咬牙皺眉,卻仍能繼續(xù)逼近來。
    
    7.62穿透效果過大制止性差是一方面,另一方面更是人的因素。
    


網(wǎng)友評論(415076)2013-02-21 18:40


    長貼留個名,我在20分鐘只看了一小部分的情況下,決定回家用電腦看。
    ----sent from my Xiaomi MI-ONE Plus,Android 2.3.5
    
網(wǎng)友評論(1286666)2013-02-21 18:48


    歷史的每一頁都在證明我們是劣等的黃色人種中的劣等民族
    但從這時刻我們不再是了。
    
網(wǎng)友評論(1288378)2013-02-21 18:50


    唉
    
    真是從此才站起來了
    
網(wǎng)友評論(1868786)2013-02-21 18:58


    誰來個總結(jié)
    
    
    ----sent from my HUAWEI HUAWEI U8950D,Android 4.0.4
    
網(wǎng)友評論(457034)2013-02-21 19:04


    Reply Post by 尼伯龍根指環(huán) (2013-02-21 18:29):
    
    我就想起了以前那篇著名的“他們像一群原木在移動”
    
    
    他們象一群原木在移動
    
     三年前的冬天,我送女兒去加拿大留學(xué),來到埃德蒙頓市附近的一個叫阿爾伯特的小城。這大概是只有幾萬人口的小城吧。到達(dá)之后的第三天,房東對我說,附近“必勝客”匹薩店的老板想請我吃飯。
    
     “他請我吃飯做什么?我又不認(rèn)識他!蔽腋械狡婀帧
    
     房東說:“我的女兒杰恩在‘必勝客’打工。也許我們這里是個小地方,見到中國人好奇吧,總之老板很想見您。他是一個很和藹的老頭兒,在這里生活幾十年了,鄰里們都很喜歡他。你就去見見他..
    
    這篇文章最早看之后很熱血沸騰感
    
    后來琢磨的多了感覺有高端黑的嫌疑
    

    
    
    

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